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Microbiology > E7 > Flashcards

E7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of strep pneumoniae?

A

Gram -, catalase -, chain, pollysaccharide capsule, alpha hemolytic, latex agglutination, susceptible to optochin and bile

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2
Q

What are the buzzwords for strep pneumoniae?

A
  • bacteremia in elderly and very young
  • pneumolysin and IgA
  • acute onset with high mortality and neurological sequelae in survivors
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3
Q

What are the treatments for strep pneumoniae?

A

Vancomycin w/ cephalosporin

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4
Q

What is the vaccine for strep pneumoniae?

A

Polysaccaride capsule conjugated to nontoxoid diptheria toxin (13 serotypes)

  • highly immunogenic
  • dose at 2, 4,6 mo and booster 12-15mo
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of neisseria meningitidis?

A

gram -, diplococci, polysaccharide capsule, oxidase +, catalase +, oxidizes glucose and maltose

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6
Q

What are the buzzwords for neisseria meningitidis?

A
  • severe bacteremic infection
  • peaks in <1yr and 15-24yr
  • inc 3-4day w/ abrupt fever, hypotension, and rash
  • 5 serotypes: C, B, Y, W-135, A
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7
Q

What is the treatment for neisseria meningitidis?

A
  • penicillin if known

- prophylactic of close

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8
Q

What is the vaccine for neisseria meningitidis?

A
  • MPV/MPV4: adults over 55
  • MCV4: conjugated to nontoxic diptheria toxin,routine 11-55, 1-55 for high risk
  • SeroB: in adolescents and high risk
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of streptococcus agalactiae?

A

gram + cocci, catalase -, beta-hemolytic,

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10
Q

What are the buzzwords for streptococcus agalactiae?

A
  • <2mo and african american
  • Ab opsonization is protective
  • Risk: maternal infection, prolonged rupture, previous infant with GBS, low Ab
  • early = bacteremia, late = same with meningitis
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11
Q

What is the treatment for streptococcus agalactiae?

A

Penicillin

-screen at 35-36 wk pregnancy intrapartum penicillin

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of Haemophilus Influenzae B?

A

gram - rod, polysaccharide capsule, encapsulated, latex agglutination

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13
Q

What are the buzzwords for H influenzae type b?

A
  • non-encapsualted: pinkeye otitis media, sinusitis

- encapsulataed: meningitis, epiglottitis

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14
Q

What is the treatment for H influenza type B?

A

Penicillin

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15
Q

What is the vaccine for H influenza type B?

A

Conjugated vaccine with anti-PrP Ab

-highly immunogenic, given at 2 mo

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Clostridium tetani?

A

gram + rod, anaerobe, spore forming

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17
Q

What are the buzzwords for clostridium tetani?

A
  • neurotoxin = tetanospasm
  • entry = spores in wound/trauma, umbilical stump
  • AB toxin = internalized inactivate inhibitory NT causing spastic paralysis
  • early= lock jaw, neck stiff, difficult to swallow
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18
Q

How is clostridium tetani treated?

A
  • IgG = passive immunity
  • tetanus toxoid = active immunitiy
  • clean wound and antibiotic with supportive
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19
Q

What is the vaccine for clostridium tetani?

A
  • vaccinate with tetanus toxoid DTaP

- begin at 2 mo, booster every 10 y

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20
Q

What are the characteristics for clostridium botulinum?

A

gram + rod, anaerobic, spore forming

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21
Q

What are the buzzwords for clostridium botulinum?

A
  • spores: improperly cannned food and honey
  • intoxication of preformed toxin
  • floppy baby
  • AB toxin = B binds, A enter motor neuron inhibit Ach to cause flaccid paralysis
  • 12-72 hr post with descending paralysis
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22
Q

What are the characteristics of listeria monocytogenes?

A

gram + rod, motile in environment

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23
Q

What are the buzzwords for listeria?

A
  • consumption of contaminated cheese and deli meat

- common in immunosuppressed and pregnant

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24
Q

What are the buzzwords for mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A
  • AIDS opportunistic

- disease of lung that can spread to other sites and infect CNS

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25
Q

What are the buzzwords of coccidiodes imitus?

A
  • easily airborne arthronocidia in environment
  • San Jauquin CA, S. Ariona
  • meningitis = slow, 1%, start with flu
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26
Q

What is the treatment for coccidiodes imitus?

A

-Amphotericin B

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of cryptococcus neoformans?

A
  • leading form fungal meningitis
  • encapsulated yeast
  • slow, intermittent headache with CNS = weeks to months
  • AIDS = 10-20% get meningitis
  • India Ink for capsule
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28
Q

What is the treatment for cryptococcus neoformans?

A
  • 6-10w with amphotericin B + 5-fluoro/fluconazole

- relapse in AIDS may require suppressive

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29
Q

What are the buzzwords for zygomycoses?

A
  • predispose: immunosuppressed, diabetic, burns
  • non-septate hyphae w/ sporangia
  • rhinocerebral: diabetic, inf in sinuses and moves out
  • hyphae at 90
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30
Q

What is the treatment for zygomycoses?

A

Amphotericin B

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31
Q

What are the buzzwords for Naeglaria fowleri?

A
  • acquired in warm water with nasal inoculation
  • fatal in 1 wk
  • S States with Neti Pot
  • trophozoites in biopsy or CSF
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32
Q

What is the treatment for Naeglaria fowleri?

A

Amphotericin B

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33
Q

What are the buzzwords for Acanthamoeba Keratitis?

A
  • chronic cornea infection
  • associated with contact elnses and homemade solution
  • disseminate in lesion in brain
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34
Q

What is the treatment for Acanthamoeba Keratitis?

A

Topical, eye enucleation, corneal transplant

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35
Q

What are the buzzwords for toxoplasma gondii?

A
  • congenital= still birth, blind, MR
  • occular = asymptomatic lesion
  • Aids= encephalitis with ring lesion
  • transmit: undercooked lamb/pork and cat litter
  • pregnant avoid
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36
Q

What is the treatment for toxoplasma gondii?

A
  • treat pregnant
  • congenital treat 1 yr
  • immuno= prophylactic prevent reactivation
37
Q

What are the buzzwords for taenia solium?

A
  • undercooked pork with embryonated eggs
  • create space filling lesion and induce local inflammation
  • neurocysticercosis: seizure and neurologic defects
  • common in immigrant hispanic
38
Q

What are the buzzwords for visceral larval migrans?

A
  • Tocoxari canis and cati = domestic dogs
  • granulomatoous lesions = seizpures and encepalopathy
  • eye most commonly effected
  • no eggs in feces
39
Q

What is the treatment for visceral larval migrans?

A

Symptomatic relief

-steroids

40
Q

What are the buzzwords for West Nile Virus?

A
  • normal b/w mosquito and bird with horse and human dead end host
  • transmission with transfusion, transplant, breastfeed
  • inc 3-14d with symptom 3-6d
  • 1/150 severe neurological (elderly)
  • > 50 with unexplained encephailitis/meningitis in summer or fall
41
Q

What is the treatment for West Nile?

A

supportive with vaccine for horse

42
Q

What are the buzzwords for St. Louis Encephalitis Virus?

A
  • cullez mosquito from birds to humans with horse reservoir
  • 5-15day inc with sudden fever
  • severe - convulsions and spastic paralysis
43
Q

What is the treatment for St. Louis Encephalitis Virus?

A

Supportive with most requiring hospitallization

44
Q

What are the buzzwords for Japanese Encephalitis Virus?

A
  • leading encephalitis in Asia

- highly fatal, survivors high rate neurologic sequelae

45
Q

What are the buzzwords for Eastern Equine Encephalitis?

A
  • E. seaboard and gulf coast
  • outbreak summer and fall
  • inc 4-10 day rapidly progressing to seizure and coma
  • 1/3 will die, survivors left with neurologic damage requiring institution
46
Q

What are the buzzwords for Western Equine Encephalitis?

A
  • W US and Canada
  • June and July
  • most asymptomatic with children most affected
  • low mortality
47
Q

What are the buzzwords for Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis?

A
  • S and C America
  • most asymptomatic
  • mild flu 3-5 days
  • CNS involve - disorient, nuchal ridgid, convulsion, paralysis
48
Q

What are the buzzwords for LaCrosse Encephalitis?

A
  • midwest and mid-atlantic
  • mainly kids
  • reservoir chipmunk and squirrel
  • nonspecific summer illness, 50% severe in kids
49
Q

What are the buzzwords for rabies?

A
  • infected saliva bite commonly dog or bat
  • inc days -> month
  • start nonspecific -> CNS
  • behavior changes= hydrophobia
  • coma and death
  • negri bodies post mortum in animals
50
Q

What is the treatment for rabies?

A

1 dose IgG and 5 dose Vaccine ( ASAP, 3, 7, 14, and 28 day)

-vaccinate high risk animals

51
Q

What are the buzzwords for lymphocytic chorio meningitis virus?

A
  • rodent born= through urine feces and saliva (mus musculus)
  • severe in pregnant
  • inc 1-2 week
  • biphasic, 1 wk fever vomit, frew day remission, 2nd phase with meningitis or encephalitis
52
Q

What are the buzzwords with prions?

A
  • Kuru= spongiform encephalopathy from cannibalism of infected berains
  • scrapie madcow, CJD
  • PrP c v PRPsc
  • congenital, transmitted, spontaneous
  • slow progressive neurodegeneration, with death after clinical symptoms
53
Q

What are the buzzwords for S. aureus in septic shock?

A
  • Gram +, cocci, catalase and coag +
  • LTA -> TLR2-> TNFa, IL1/6
  • TSST1 heat and proteolytic resistant exotoxin
54
Q

What are the buzzwords for streptococcus in septic shock?

A
  • gram +, catal -
  • local infection
  • pain and nonspecific symptoms -> liver and renal involvement
  • most bacteremic
  • SpeA and SpeC progenic exotoxins bind MHC 2
55
Q

How is shock treated?

A
  • hypotension = iv fluids
  • hypoxia = ventilation theraphy
  • DIC = transfusion plasma and platelets or heparin
  • bacteria = antibiotics with vanco and gentamicin
56
Q

What are the buzzwords for viridans streptococcus?

A
  • mitis anad salivarius
  • subacute bacterial endocarditis
  • alpha hemolytic
  • weeks to months
57
Q

How is viridans streptococcus treated?

A

penicillin

-vancomycin for resistant

58
Q

What are buzzwords for infectious mono?

A
  • EBV target infected B cell
  • symp: lymphadenitis, splenomegaly
  • young adults
  • heterophile Ab
  • rash with ampicillin
  • day 7= Anti EB, Anti- VCA IgM
  • day 10 = IgG and Anti EBNA
  • Downey cells
59
Q

What is the treatment for infectious mono?

A

-rest, hydration, avoid strenuous activity

60
Q

What are the buzzwords for oral hairy leukoplakia?

A
  • immunosuppressed

- active EBV replication

61
Q

What is the treatment for oral hairy leukoplakia?

A

Antiherpetic drugs, podophyllin resin

62
Q

What are the buzzwords for burkitt’s Lymphoma?

A
  • EBV, B cell origin
  • present in jaw of children
  • endemic
  • cofactor = malaria and immunosuppression
63
Q

What are hte buzzwords for Hodgkins Disease?

A
  • EBV, b cell origin w/o ties to specific translocations
  • nontender lymphadenopathy in neck and chest
  • reed Sternberg cell
64
Q

What are the buzzwords for nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A
  • EBV epithelial cell cancer
  • facial pain, fullness in sinus throat, hearing loss
  • cofactor: genetic and diet
65
Q

What are the buzzwords for post transplantational lymphoproliferative disorder?

A
  • EBV
  • abn proliferation of lymphoid
  • fever, fatigue, wt loss, progressive encephalopathy
  • risk: EBV at time of transplant
66
Q

What is the treatment for transplantational lymphoproliferative disorder?

A
  1. reduce immunosuppression
  2. rituximab
  3. conventional chemo
67
Q

What is the treatment for CMV?

A
  1. Gancyclovir (viral polymerase inhibitor) or Valganocyclovir (goes to gancyclovir)
  2. Cidofovir (viral polym inh more toxic) or foscarnet (inh of cmv polymerase)
68
Q

What are buzzwords for CMV mono-like illness?

A
  • inc 2-6day, symp 2-6wk
  • fever, non-exudative pharyngitis, abn T cell, no heterophile Ab
  • primary inf CMV
69
Q

What are the buzzwords for CMV inclusion body disease?

A
  • most common congenital viral inf
  • hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, petechial rash
  • pregnant avoid spit of young child
70
Q

What are the buzzwords for CMV in immunosuppressed?

A
  • Transplant: CMV pneumonitis, GI, GVHD

- AIDS: CMS petinitis (eye), GI, pneumo

71
Q

What are the buzzwords for myocarditis?

A
  • most preventable in adult men
  • SOB, exercise intolerance
  • B19 parvovirus, HHV-6
  • CHF of unknown origin
72
Q

What are the buzzwords of mumps?

A
  • ssRNA, 1 serotype, 5-14yr
  • swollen tender parotid, anorexia
  • bilateral parotid swell >2 day
73
Q

What is the vaccine for mumps?

A

Live attenuated MMR and MMV

  • 1st: 12-15mo and 2nd at 4-6yr
  • adult = 1 dose
74
Q

What are the buzzwords for Kaposi Sarcoma?

A
  • classic= middle east/mediteranean with few lesions and mild
  • endemic: equatorial africa, aggressive in prepuscent fatal in 3yr
  • transplant= lesions leave once immunosuppression stops
  • aids = widespread
75
Q

What are the buzzwords for HHV-8?

A
  • enveloped dsDNA, latent in KS

- transmission = sexual and needle

76
Q

What are the buzzwords for Adult T-cell lymphoma?

A

T cell origin

  • flower cells
  • lymphadeno, hepatosplenomeg, hypercalcemia
  • S Japan, Carribean, C Africa
  • over 55yr
77
Q

What are the buzzwords for HTLV-1 Assoicated Myelopathy?

A
  • demyelination of neurons in spinal cord
  • higher in adult women
  • stiff gait, lower ext weak, incontinence, bedridden in 10yr
78
Q

What are the buzzwords for HTLV-1?

A
  • infects CD4 and CD8
  • retrovirus, enveloped ssRNA
  • Japan, C Africa, Carribean
  • transmission: nursing, transfusion, sex
79
Q

What are the buzzwords for trypanosmoma brucei?

A
  • Africa with tsete fly
  • early = lymph, late= cns invasion
  • E Africa: inc 2-3 wk, CNS 3-4 wk (from animal and human)
  • W Africa: inc wk-mo, CNS after wk-yr ( from humans)
80
Q

What is the treatment for trypanosoma brucei?

A

Melarsoprol: will killyou 80% effective

Fluoromethylornithine = doctors w/o borders

81
Q

What are the buzzwords for trypanosoma cruzi?

A
  • chagas
  • S+C america
  • widespread vector and reservoir in US
  • Chagoma/Roman sign
  • chronic= inf cardiac = chf and megacolon decades after
82
Q

What are teh buzzwords for leishmania sp?

A
  • worldwide rare in US, opportunistic HIV
  • bite female sand flies
  • visceral = disseminated through reticuloendothelial
  • causes systemic immunosuppression = death by 2 infection
  • very old/young, malnourished
  • IFN-gamma to resolve
83
Q

What are the treaments for leshmania?

A

heavy metals or toxic drugs

84
Q

What are the buzzwords for plasmodium sp?

A
  • malaria
  • bite inf mosquitoes
  • release of merozoites and lysis of RBC
  • cold stage 14-60m, hot stage 2-6, sweat stage 8-12 hr
  • anemia (falciparum mature and young, vival and ovale only young)
  • natural resistant
85
Q

what are the treatments for malaria?

A

-eradicated vector, prophylaxis of travelers

86
Q

What are the buzzwords for babesia?

A
  • upper MW, CA, new england
  • bite of tick (rodent and cattle )
  • inc 1-8wk with hemolytic anemai, fever, chill, mylagia
  • risk: elderly, asplenic, immunosuppressed
87
Q

WHat are the buzzwords for filiarisis?

A
  • wucheri bancrofit, and brugia malayi
  • asia
  • bite of mosquitos with larvae to lymphatics
  • upper and lower extremities and male genitalia
  • tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
  • elephantitis
  • microfilarie in blood smear
88
Q

What is the treatment for filiarisis?

A
  • DEC kills microfilarie and damages adults
  • steroids counteract allergy to dying worms
  • severe disease= surgery
89
Q

What are the buzzwords for schistosomiasis?

A
  • S America, Middle EAst, Asia, Philipines
  • Mansoni- v plexus large GI
  • Janonicum - v plexus small GI
  • Haematobium- v plexus bladder
  • hepatic and intestinal dysfuncion, or increased issues with bladder
  • eggs in feces or urine
  • snails

Microbiology (5 decks)

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