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IGCSE Economics > E4 Macroeconomics > Flashcards

E4 Macroeconomics Flashcards

1
Q

explain the ROLES OF GOVT

A

collect TAX → fund SPENDING → EG, LS, PE, redistribute income

REGULATION → correct market failure (PE, NE, monopoly, environment)

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2
Q

what are the MACROECONOMIC GOALS of govt?

A

EGlow UElow IFBP (balance of payment/current account)income redistributionenvironment

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3
Q

define ECONOMIC GROWTH

how can govt achieve it?

A

annual increase in output/GDP

through increase AD or AS

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4
Q

define INFLATION, DEFLATION, DISINFLATION

A

IN-: sustained INCREASE in price level over a period of time
DE-: sustained DECREASE in price level over a period of time
DISIN-: price level still INCREASE but SLOWER

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5
Q

causes of INFLATION?

A

income, tax, IR, confidence → AD → demand-pull inflation

income, tax → COP → cost-push inflation

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6
Q

define UNEMPLOYMENT

A

willing + able + actively looking, but can’t find a job

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7
Q

effects of UE

A 
no income
→ AD 
→ poverty + health problem → LS
→ crime, drug... → NE
→ G spending on UE benefit + healthcare + correct NE → budget deficit!
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8
Q

define REDISTRIBUTION OF INCOME

how can govt achieve it?

A

take money from rich, transfer to poor

tax → G spending (welfare, benefits, merit/public g/s)

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9
Q

define BALANCE OF PAYMENT

how can govt achieve it?

A

difference in payments into & out of a country over a period of time

through price stability, tariff, subsidy, quota

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10
Q

define ACTUAL and POTENTIAL growth

A

ACTUAL: OUTPUT increases (inside → on PPC curve)
POTENTIAL: PC increases (PPC curve shifts outwards)

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11
Q

how do you calculate AD?

A

C + I + G + (X-M)

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12
Q

calculate and define UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

A

(unemployed / labor force) x 100%

% of labor force who are willing+able+actively looking but can’t find jobs

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13
Q

define govt BUDGET, budget DEFICIT and budget SURPLUS

A

budget: govt’s financial plans for revenue and spending

deficit: revenue < spending
surplus: revenue > spending

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14
Q

define FISCAL policy

A

using TAX and G SPENDING to influence economic activity and achieve economic goals

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15
Q

REASONS for govt SPENDING?

A

💵Redistribute income (welfare, benefits)

👍PE/SB (merit, public)

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16
Q

CONS of govt SPENDING?

A

budget deficit
funded by increased tax
DP inflation

17
Q

define DIRECT TAX and INDIRECT TAX

A

DIRECT: on individual/firms (eg. income, profit, wealth)
INDIRECT: on consumption (eg. GST, VAT)

18
Q

define TAX RATE

A

% of income paid as tax

19
Q

pros and cons of DIRECT TAX?

A

+ progressive
+ high revenue
- reduce incentive

20
Q

pros and cons of INDIRECT TAX?

A
  • regressive
  • low tax revenue
    + discourages demerit g/s
21
Q

define PROGRESSIVE, REGRESSIVE, and PROPORTIONAL tax

A

PROGRESSIVE: higher income higher tax rate
PROPORTIONAL: same tax rate for everyone
REGRESSIVE: lower income higher tax rate

22
Q

what’s the difference between tax EVASION and tax AVOIDANCE?

A

evasion - illegal (eg. under-declaring profit)

avoidance - legal (eg. non-smokers don’t pay tobacco tax)

23
Q

reasons for TAXATION

A

💰Fund G spending → redistribute income
🚬Discourage c/p of demerit goods → correct NE
🚢Discourage import (tariff) → correct CA deficit, protect domestic firms

24
Q

qualities of good tax

A 
Efficient/Effective
Flexible
Fair
Convenient 
Certain
25
Q

define MONETARY POLICY

A

using IR, XR and MS to influence economic activity and achieve economic goals

26
Q

define IR

A

reward for saving + cost of borrowing

27
Q

define SUPPLY-SIDE POLICY

A

aims to increase AS + PC → EG

includes E&T, subsidy, investment, deregulation, privatization…

28
Q

define GDP and real GDP

A

GDP: total output

REAL GDP: total output adjusted to inflation

29
Q

how do you measure GDP?

A

income + spending + output

30
Q

define RECESSION

A

fall in real GDP over more than half a year

caused by decrease in AD/AS

31
Q

define EMPLOYMENT

A

work + receives payment

32
Q

define FULL EMPLOYMENT

A

lowest UE possible

33
Q

define LABOR FORCE

A

working age + able + willing to work

34
Q

calculate LABOR MARKET PARTICIPATION RATE

what can this be influenced by?

A

labor force / working age population

influenced by wage, women’s participation, ppl who continue even higher education

35
Q

define CYCLICAL unemployment

A

caused by lack of AD

36
Q

define STRUCTURAL unemployment

A

caused by immobility of labor

37
Q

define FRICTIONAL unemployment

A

caused by ppl change between jobs (temporary)

38
Q

how do you calculate INFLATION?

A

CPI

(average P current year) / (average P base year) x 100

IGCSE Economics (8 decks)

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