E4: Hypothalamic & Pituitary Flashcards
What is the treatment strategy when dealing with Endocrine disorders?
Either synthetic hormones (made by recombinant DNA technology which mimic effects of endogenous hormones, or drugs which block the effects of endogenous hormones
Describe the hormones & associated gland/organs for the HP-Thyroid axis
Hypothalamus: Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) release
stimulates
Anterior Pituitary: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (aka Thyrotropin) release
stimulates
Thyroid Gland: Thyroid hormone (T3 & T4) release
Describe the hormones & associated gland/organs for the HP-Adrenal axis
Hypothalamus: Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) release
stimulates
Anterior Pituitary: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) release
stimulates
Adrenal Gland: Corticosteroid (Cortisol, aldosterone, androgens) release
Describe the hormones & associated gland/organs for the HP-Gonadal axis
Hypothalamus: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) release
stimulates
Anterior Pituitary: Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing Hormone (LH) release
stimulates
Gonads: Sex-Hormones (Estrogen/progesterone, & Testosterone) release
Growth Hormone
Target organs?
Effects?
Target organs:
- Liver
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Muscle
- Fat
Effect:
Stimulates growth & repair in all tissues, but especially in target organs
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Target organs?
Effects?
Target organs: Thyroid Gland
Effect:
Stimulates thyroid growth; synthesis & secretion of Thyroxine
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Target organs?
Effects?
Target organs: Adrenal Cortex
Effect:
Stimulates Synthesis & Secretion of glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Target organs?
Effects?
Target organs:Gonads
Effect:
Stimulates synthesis of sperm & ova; Secretion of estrogen & testosterone
Luteinizing Hormone
Target organs?
Effects?
Target organs:Gonads
Effect:
Controls synthesis of sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone)
Female: Ovulation & maintenance of corpus leutum
Male: Testosterone secretion
Prolactin
Target organs?
Effects?
Target organs: Mammary glands & Testes
Effect:
Stimulates milk production & testosterone secretion
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Target organs?
Effects?
Target organs: Kidneys
Effect:
Water retention
Oxytocin
Target organs?
Effects?
Target organs: Uterus & mammary glands
Effect:
Labor contractions, milk release, mother-infant bonding
What are the positive feed back loops within the endocrine system?
- Nursing reflex
- Labor contractions
Both are associated with Oxytocin release
Acromegaly:
What is the cause?
What is the treatment?
Acromegaly is cause by hypersecretion of Growth Hormone in adulthood
Pharmaceutical treatment:
Octreotide: Somatostatin analogue; inhibits Growth hormone
What is Cosyntropin?
Synthetic corticotropin analogue used to diagnose Adrenal Insufficiency
What is Corticorelin Ovine Triflutate?
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone used as a diagnostic tool to distinguish Adrenal & pituitary origins of Cushing Syndrome.
What is Somatropin?
Recombinant somatropin is a recombinant growth hormone prep used to treat GH deficiency in children w/ low growth rate
What is Octreotide?
Octreotide is a synthetic growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) analogue used in the treatment of;
- Acromegaly
- Carcinoid syndrome
- Pituitary adenomas that secrete thyrotropin
- Tumors that secrete vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.
What is pegvisomant?
Pegvisomant is a growth hormone analogue and growth hormone receptor antagonist used to treat acromegaly
Which drugs discussed are associated with Growth-Hormone?
- Somatropin
- Octreotide
- Pegvisomant
What are Menotropins and chorionic gonadotropin?
•Menotropins and chorionic gonadotropin are human gonadotropin preparations used to induce ovulation in infertile women.
Chorionic gonadotropin is also used to stimulate spermatogenesis in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and to treat cryptorchidism in prepubertal boys
What are Goserelin & leuprolide?
Goserelin & leuprolide are synthetic GnRH preparations
Administered continuously to suppress gonadotropin secretion in children with precocious puberty and in adults with prostate cancer, breast cancer, and endometriosis
What is Nafarelin?
Nafarelin is a GnRH preparation
Administered as a nasal spray to treat precocious puberty in children and endometriosis in women
What are the Gonadotropin-related drugs discussed?
- Menotropins & chorionic gonadotropin
- Goserelin & Leurpolide
- Nafarelin
What are Cabergoline & Bromocriptine?
Cabergoline & Bromocriptine (Dopamine agonists)
Used to suppress prolactin secretion in women with hyperprolactinemia
This condition is often associated with galactorrhea, hypogonadism, and infertility
Cabergoline may also reduce excessive growth hormone secretion in some persons with acromegaly and hyperprolactinemia.
What is Desmopressin?
Desmopressin is a synthetic vasopressin analogue that retains the antidiuretic activity of the natural hormone but has less vasoconstrictive effect.
- It is administered parenterally and intranasally to treat diabetes insipidus resulting from deficient vasopressin secretion.
- Desmopressin is also used to control gastrointestinal bleeding by causing vasoconstriction and to treat hemophilia A and von Willebrand disease
What are Conivaptan & tolvaptan?
Conivaptan & tolvaptan are arginine vasopressin receptor antagonists
used to treat hypervolemic and euvolemic hyponatremia.
