E3

Question 1

What hormone is released by the posterior pituitary to conserve body water?

Answer 1

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Question 2

What happens when your body has low water levels?

Answer 2

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect low blood pressure, stimulating the release of ADH, which causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water and raise blood pressure.

Question 3

What condition results from the failure to produce or respond to ADH?

Answer 3

Diabetes Insipidus, characterized by excessive urine and dehydration.

Question 4

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

Answer 4

The medulla (inner gland) and cortex (outer gland).

Question 5

What hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla in response to stress?

Answer 5

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

Question 6

What is the role of cortisol?

Answer 6

Cortisol raises blood sugar, breaks down muscle and fat, and acts as negative feedback to suppress ACTH production.

Question 7

What hormone increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys?

Answer 7

Aldosterone.

Question 8

What are the three types of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 8

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens.

Question 9

What triggers the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 9

Low blood pressure and concentrated solutes in the blood detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.

Question 10

What happens to ADH when blood becomes diluted?

Answer 10

The osmoreceptors swell and inhibit ADH production.

Question 11

What role does the adrenal medulla play in stress response?

Answer 11

It regulates the short-term stress response by producing epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 12

What is the function of epinephrine in the body during stress?

Answer 12

It increases heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, metabolism, and blood sugar.

Question 13

How does the adrenal cortex regulate long-term stress response?

Answer 13

It is controlled by ACTH and produces hormones like cortisol and aldosterone.

Question 14

What is the function of aldosterone in the kidneys?

Answer 14

It increases sodium reabsorption, which raises blood pressure by causing water to follow sodium through osmosis.

Question 15

How does cortisol affect the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

Answer 15

It provides negative feedback, suppressing ACTH production and regulating stress response

Question 16

What is the function of mineralocorticoids like aldosterone?

Answer 16

They help balance sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) levels in the body.

Question 17

What are glucocorticoids and what is their primary function?

Answer 17

Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, help regulate blood glucose levels and aid in the response to injury and cellular metabolism.

Question 18

What hormone has a function similar to glucagon during stress?

Answer 18

Cortisol, which raises blood sugar by promoting the conversion of amino acids into glucose.

Question 19

What stress hormone has a similar function to ADH?

Answer 19

Aldosterone, as it increases water retention by affecting sodium reabsorption, much like how ADH increases water reabsorption.

Question 20

Why is chronic stress harmful to your health?

Answer 20

Prolonged exposure to stress hormones like cortisol can suppress the immune system, increase blood sugar, and lead to muscle and fat breakdown.