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Microbiology > E2- Malaria and Basesiosis > Flashcards

E2- Malaria and Basesiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 important species of Malaria?

A 
Plasmodium vivax
P. falciparum
P. malariae
P. ovale
P. knowlesi
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2
Q

What initiates the malaria process in humans?

A

Injection of Plasmodium sporozoites (motile forms) through transmission of mosquito saliva during a bloodmeal

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3
Q

What migrates to the liver in the bloodstream where they undergo asexual division?

A

Sporozoites

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4
Q

What is asexual division of sporozoites called?

A

Schhizogony

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5
Q

What is a vaccine target for malaria?

A

Sporozoites

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6
Q

What form of malaria can enter RBCs?

A

Merozoites

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7
Q

Once in RBCs, merozoites enlarge and undergo differentiation to a uninucleate cell. What is this cell called?

A

Ring trophozoite

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8
Q

As trophozoites age, what can they develop into?

A

Amoeboid throphozoites

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9
Q

What is a multinucleated cell that produce erythrocytic merozoites called?

A

Erythrocytic Schizont

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10
Q

What do erythrocytic schizonts produce?

A

Erythrocytic Merozoites

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11
Q

What occurs after infected RBCs rupture and merozoites escape?

A

They invade new cells and schizogony begins again or gametogony (sexual cycle) is . initiated

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12
Q

Some merozoites in erythrocytes develop into ____ and do not cause the erythrocyte to rupture?

A

Gemetocytes

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13
Q

What do malarian organisms consume?

A

Hemoglobin

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14
Q

What occurs in response to the release of pyrogenic waste following rupture of RBCs schizonts?

A

Fever and chills

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15
Q

What travels to the hypothalamus and causes an increased thermal set point?

A

Pyrogen

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16
Q

The release of what intensifies the symptoms of malaria?

A

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

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17
Q

What are some possible symptoms of malaria?

A 
Fever, shivering 
N/V 
Diarrhea
Anemia (RBC destruction)
Hypotension (vasodilation)
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18
Q

What disease produces resistance to malaria?

A

Sickle cell anemia (parasite has difficulty utilizing abnormal hg)

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19
Q

How are many African Americans and West Africian black person resistance to vivax malaria?

A

Many lack the duffy antigen, which is a receptor for P. vivax merozoites

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20
Q

What vaccine is available for malaria?

A

RTS, S (Mosquirix)

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21
Q

What types of malaria is the RTS, S (Mosquirix) vaccine effective against?

A

P. falciparum

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22
Q

What does the RTS, S (Mosquirix) vaccine target?

A

Sporozoites

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23
Q

What are some limitation to the RTS, S (Mosquirix) vaccine?

A

Requires 4 injections
Low efficacy
5 yr half-life (requires half-life)
Expensive

24
Q

What species of mosquito is a vector for malaria?

A

Anopheline mosquito (female)

25
Q

Is there such thing as a carrier state in maleria?

A

Yes (tolerant carriers contribute to spread)

26
Q

What may contribute to an increase in malaria cases in the next 50 yrs? Why?

A

Climate change
New areas exposed to Plasmodium
No host resistance developed

27
Q

What are majority of malaria cases in the US linked to?

What forms of malaria are majority of the cases?

A

Travel to Africa

60% falciparum, 20% vivax

28
Q

What do vivax species tend to infect?

A

Young erythrocytes (not many RBCs infected)

29
Q

Patient presents with chills and shaking 10-15 minutes, with increased sweating, anemia, headche, back pain, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and cough. What form of malaria do you suspect?

A

P. vivax

30
Q

Relapses of P. vivax infection can result from what?

A

Activation of liver hypnozoites (can be 3-5 yrs after initial disease)

31
Q

What stain is used to ID P. vivax?

A

Venous blood processed with

Giemsa stain

32
Q

What will a Giemsa stain of venous blood show in a . P. vivax infection?

A

Enlarged infected RBCs with Schuffner’s dots (surface invaginations and stipling)

33
Q

What form of malaria is virulent and causes high grade parasitemia because RBCs of any age are infected?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

34
Q

What form of malaria can lead to Blackwater fever? What causes this?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

High parasite numbers

35
Q

What is Blackwater fever?

A

High levels of free hemoglobin in urine
Leads to autoimmune reaction in which the host destroys kidney tissue
Chills, fever, rigor, dark to black urine

36
Q

How does Falciparum malaria lead to capillary obstruction?

A

Infected RBCs tend to stick to capillary linings

37
Q

What can capillary obstruction associated with Falciparum malaria cause?

A

Cerebral malaria
Gastric falciparum malaria
Algid malaria

38
Q

What does cerebral malaria cause?

A

Necrosis, hemorrhages, extreme fever, mania, convulsions and death

39
Q

What does gastric falciparum malaria cause?

A

Frequent vomiting in addition to other symptoms

40
Q

What does algid malaria cause?

A

Skin is cold but internal temperature is high

41
Q

Can Plasmodium falciparum relapse? Why?

A

No, no hypnozoite stage

42
Q

How is Plasmodium falciparum identified?

A

Erythrocytes with double or multiple ring stages
Crescent shaped gametocyte
Mauerer’s clefts
Many infected cells

43
Q

In a Plasmodium falciparum infection, young trophozoites and gametocytes are seen in the periphery, but what is not seen?

A

Not schizonts

44
Q

Which form of malaria is more virulent?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

45
Q

What form of malaria infects older erythrocytes, has paroxysms every 4th day, and has zoonotic from primate reservoirs?

A

Plasmodium malariae

46
Q

How is Plasmodium malariae identified?

A

Trophozoites (basket and band shaped) and schizonts (rosette shaped)

47
Q

What form of malaria is similar to vivax malaria, has common relapses, and is common to the west coast of Africa?

A

Plasmodium ovale

48
Q

What form of malaria is zoonotic, maybe life-threatening if a heavy parasite burden occurs, and is usually found in Southeast Asia?

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

49
Q

Why is the incidence of vivax malaria increasing in Africa?

A

Organism increasingly independent of binding to Duffy antigen

50
Q

What is the main mechanism of malaria multidrug resistance?

A

Efflux pumps (more expensive to treat)

51
Q

What is the causative agent of . Babesiosis, or Nantucket Island Fever?

A

Babesia microti

52
Q

There is increasing issues of transmition of Babesia microti through what?

A

Blood donation

53
Q

What is the vector for Babesia microti?

A

Deer tick

54
Q

Patient presents with malaria like symptoms with small pinpoint lesions and later becomes anemic. What do you suspect?

A

Babesia microti

55
Q

What type of malaria is Babesia microti most similar to?

A

Plasmodium falciparum (but less severe)

56
Q

How is Babesia microti identified?

A

Cross-like morphology in RBCs

Microbiology (23 decks)

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