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Bio 30 > E1Trans2 > Flashcards

E1Trans2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Analysis of similarities and differences in development, provides insight that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

A

Comparative embryology

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1
Q

Accounts on the processes and sequential events of development, step by step account

A

Descriptive embryology

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2
Q

State the Recapitulation Theory

A

The development of an individual organism summarizes the development of its species. Ontogeny recaps phylogeny.

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3
Q

Von Baer’s law

A

General features appear earlier in development while specific features appear later.

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4
Q

Stage wherein different species appear almost identical

A

Phylotypic stage (stage 1)

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5
Q

Oviparous

A

Eggs develop outside mother

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6
Q

Viviparous

A

Embryo develops inside mother

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7
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Eggs retained in mother’s body until birth

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8
Q

Causative factors in development, testing hypotheses by manipulating embryo

A

Experimental embryology

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9
Q

Pioneer of experimental embryology

A

Wilhelm Roux

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10
Q

Studies problems on conception and contraception

A

Reproductive biology

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11
Q

Emphasis of reproductive biology

A 
Normal gametogenesis
Transport of gametes and fertilization
Reproductive endocrinology
Early embryonic development
Transplantation of mammalian embryo
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12
Q

Study of interaction chemical and physical events in development

A

Chemical embryology

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13
Q

Study of birth defects, malformations due to endogenous and exogenous factors

A

Teratology

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14
Q

Main stages in histological development

A

Proliferation, migration, differentiation

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15
Q

Genetic defects in teratology

A

Mutations, aneuploidy, translocation

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16
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Malformations due to lack of cell proliferation

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17
Q

Phocomelia

A

Severely deficient or malformed limbs due to genetic inheritance, mutations, or thalidomide

Phoco - seal, melia- limb

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18
Q

Who cloned Dolly? Where?

A

Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell at the Roslin Institute

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19
Q

The process of creating genetically identical animals

A

Animal cloning

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20
Q

Posed the question “how are different parts of a developing embryo formed?”

A

Aristotle

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21
Q

Defined preformation

A

Aristotle

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22
Q

What is preformation?

A

A miniature embryo is enclosed in the germ cell and requires only time and nourishment for it to develop.

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23
Q

What is epigenesis?

A

The gradual formation of new structures and organs. From a single cell arises a multicellular organism.

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24
Q

Spermists believe that…

A

Sperm cell contains an individual, ovum merely nourishes it

25
Q

A tiny human (____) in fetal position at head of sperm

A

Encasement concept, homunculus

26
Q

Ovists believe that…

A

Ovum contains the fetus, stimulated to grow by seminal fluid

27
Q

Who strengthened the ovist belief? How?

A

Charles Bonnet, upon discovering parthenogenesis in insects

28
Q

First to see human sperms with microscope

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Louis Hamm

29
Q

Studied structure of relatively advanced fetuses

A

Galen

30
Q

Restrictions of Galen’s study

A

Prevented serious analysis of early embryonic development due to miniature dimensions of embryo

31
Q

Founder of modern reproductive biology

A

Reignier de Graaf

32
Q

Described ovarian follicles and fallopian tubes, studied ectopic pregnancy

A

Reigniet de Graaf

33
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani believed that

A

Male and female sex products are necessary to initiate development

34
Q

What did Marcello Malphigi do?

A

Described accurately the development of chick in egg.

35
Q

Developed modern comparative embryology

A

Karl Ernst von Baer

36
Q

Germ Layer theory was proposed by:

A

Karl Ernst von Baer

37
Q

State the Germ Layer Theory

A

There exists three germ layers from which organs are derived.

38
Q

“Embryo development occurs through progressive remodeling and growth.”

A

Caspar Friedrich Wolff

39
Q

Developed the cell theory

A

Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow

40
Q

Implications of the Cell Theory

A

Embryology became a bona fide science, proved that development must occur via epigenesis

41
Q

Theorized that development must follow a mosaic pattern

A

August Weismann

42
Q

State the Germ Plasm Theory. Who proposed it?

A

Differentiated the somatic and germ cells, August Weismann

43
Q

Function of somatic cells according to Germ Plasm Theory.

A

For the protection and proliferation of the germ plasm.

44
Q

Function of germ cells according to Germ Plasm Theory.

A

For perpetuation of the species.

45
Q

Other name for Mosaic Development

A

Weismann’s Theory of Nuclear Determination

46
Q

Why is the Mosaic Model called as such?

A

Egg is considered a mosaic of discrete localized determinants.

47
Q

Describe Mosaic development.

A

Nuclei contain factors that ate asymmetrically distributed in daughter cells, fate of each cell is predetermined.

48
Q

What experiment did Roux perform?

A

Ablation Experiment or Embryonic Extirpation

49
Q

Removed large pieces from eggs and discovered that any single monad was capable of forming any part of the completed embryo.

A

Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch

50
Q

Consequence of Driesch’s experiment.

A

Led to the terms pluripotent and totipotent.

51
Q

Describe regulative development.

A

Ability of the embryo to develop even if some cells are removed or rearranged.

52
Q

Who performed the Induction and Transplantation experiments?

A

Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold.

53
Q

What is the organizer/evocator?

A

Dorsal lip of blastopore.

54
Q

Distinguished between phenotype and genotype.

A

Wilhelm Johanssen

55
Q

Describe the relationship between genotype and phenotype.

A

Genes are manifested through phenotype only upon the activation depending on time and space.

56
Q

Worked on mutant genes and discovered genes encoded proteins.

A

Salome Glueksohn-Waelsch and Conrad Waddington

57
Q

Unified science of embryology and genetics.

A

Developmental Genetics

58
Q

Coined epigenetics.

A

Conrad Waddington

59
Q

Epigenetics states that

A

The development of an embryo is due to a series of causal interactions between parts. It accounts for the development of an embryo and reminds one that genetic factors are the most important determinants of development.

Bio 30 (3 decks)

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