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DPT 740/1: Clin Med 1 > E1-Systems Review, Oncology, Infectious Disease > Flashcards

E1-Systems Review, Oncology, Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of a systems review

A

identify non MSK or red flag S&S that require a referral

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2
Q

what is the best way to look for red flag S&S

A

look for combinations, isolation is just informative

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3
Q

where are red flags most found

A

hx and observation

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4
Q

what are commons signs of infection

A

malaise
fever, chills, sweats
N&V
enlarged, tender lymph nodes
signs specific to the infected systems

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5
Q

what is different about the symptoms in an older individual

A

mentation changes
subnormal body temp
bradycardia or tachy
fatigue/lethargy

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6
Q

what is in a systems review for infection

A

hx and observation
palpation- lymph nodes, heat, swelling, possible abdominal quadrants
vitals

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7
Q

what are common S&S of the immune system

A

GI pain/dysfunction
muscle or joint pain
skin and weight changes
typically affecting more than 1 part of the body
emotional changes

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8
Q

what are S&S of the immune system more likely to be a cause of

A

autoimmune conditions

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9
Q

what is in an immune system review

A

hx and observation
temperature
palpation of lymph nodes

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10
Q

what are cancer S&S

A

hx of cancer
P!- local and referred, especially at the same time at night (due to tumors metabolic activity), no change with position change
increased WBC with absence of infection
swollen and NON tender lymph nodes

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11
Q

what is in the cancer review

A

hx and observation
palpation of lymph nodes- NON tender
temperature

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12
Q

what are common signs of an integumentary system

A

itchy/dry/rough texture
hives/rash
callus
blisters
edema
change nail appearance

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13
Q

why would skin with dry/rough or itchy skin be a red flag

A

impaired circulation/oxygenation (diabetes)

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14
Q

what causes callus

A

excessive friction

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15
Q

why might blisters in abundance be different that just a normal blister

A

blisters in abundance could mean systemic issues

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16
Q

what are the ABCDE for melanoma

A

Assemetry
border
color
diameter
evolution

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17
Q

what might be an issue if a patient has an abundance of cafe au lait

A

underlying genetic problem

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18
Q

why is a patch of hair on the spine might be a red flag

A

underlying genetic condition
loss-impaired circulation

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19
Q

if a pt has skin irritation involving redness/red streaks, what might that inidcate

A

acute inflammation, stage 1 pressure ulcer, infection, allergic reaction

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20
Q

what does an ulceration or wound indicate

A

necrotic tissue

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21
Q

what is in a integumentary review

A

hx and observation
palpation- heat, swelling, skin mobility

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22
Q

what conditions within the endocrine system can affect the MSK system

A

neuromusculoskeletal- RA, OA, adhesive capsulitis, bilateral CTS, osteoporosis

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23
Q

what are common endocrine S&S

A

growth alterations
polydipsia
polyuria
increased perspiration
fluid imbalance

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24
Q

what is in an endocrine review

A

hx and observation
selective tension testing and/ or MMT
vitals

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25
what are common S&S of the cardiovascular system
hx of family heart attack prior to age 60 pain in chest with or without referred pain C4-T4, especially with exertion heart palpitations SOB/wheezing
26
what are peripheral vascular S&S
LE edma including weight gain indicates impaired R ventricle diminished pulse
27
what is in the cardiovascular review
hx and observation vitals ankle-brachial index
28
what are common S&S of lymphatic system
full, heavy, and/or tight sensation impaired ROM paresthesia/numbness increased extremity in size weight gain
29
what are some advanced symptoms of lymphatic system
skin breakdown/wounds infections possible difficulty breathing, speech, and swallowing
30
what is in a lymphatic review
hx and observation ROM girth measures palpation of lymph nodes temperature
31
what are common S&S of respiratory system
pain in neck and upper shoulder thorax pain digital clubbing SOB decreased breath sounds hyperresonance with percussion
32
why would you have pain in the neck and upper shoulder with respiratory system problems
diaphragm is innervated by C3-5 and so are those regions
33
what is in the respiratory review
hx and observation vitals breath sounds percussions
34
how many immune cells are in the gut
70-80%
35
why is gut health so important
there is an emotional physiological connection in the gut bad diet=bad mood
36
what are common S&S of the GI system
dysphagia N&V food eversion/intolerance indigestion/heartburn full feeling (bloated)
37
what is in a GI review
hx and observation abdominal quadrant assessment
38
what system has the largest number of phagocytic cells
hepatic
39
what are common S&S of the hepatic system
skin changes- jaundice, spider angioma dark urine discolored stool edma neurologic involvement- confusion, muscle tremors, asterixis
40
what is asterixis
paresthesia/numbness from ammonia build up and inability to maintain wrist ext with shoulder flx
41
what is hepatic osteodystrophy
metabolic bone disease due to suppression of bile flow may manifest as osteoporosis
42
what is in a hepatic review
hx and observation abdominal quadrant assessment neurological tests
43
what is hyperplasia
increased number of cells
44
what is metaplasia
an adult cell changes from one type to another
45
what is dysplasia
greater presence of abnormal cells
46
what is metastasis
spread of cancerous cells from the primary tumor
47
what is differentiation in cancer
normal cells mature or differentiate into mature types of normal tissue altered or lost completely with malignancies the more undifferentiated the more aggressive the cancer
48
what is anaplasia
loss of differentiation
49
how can we classify neoplasm
cell type tissue origin- primary or secondary degree of differentiation benign or malignant
50
what is considered in stage 0 cancer
carcinoma preinvasive
51
what is considered in stage 1 cancer
early stage, local cancer
52
what is considered in stage 2 cancer
increased risk of spread because of tumor size
53
what is considered in stage 3 cancer
local cancer has spread but may not be metastasized to distant regions
54
what is considered stage 4 cancer
cancer has spread and metastasized to distant sites
55
what are the most prevalent cancers
lung breast colorectal
56
why are the most prevalent cancers so prevalent
all involve mucous producing glands
57
what are the most treatable cancers
prostate and breast
58
what percentage of cancers are due to genetics
5-10% most often- prostate, breast, ovarian, and colorectal
59
what percentage of cancers are due to exogenous
50% all are most preventable
60
what are cancer risk factors
prior cancer lifestyle some viruses excessive and abnormal amounts of some hormones inflammatory diseases
61
how might genes be affected by risk factors to produce cancer
chromosomal additions or subtractions
62
what sites are cancers more likely to metastasize to
lung liver bone brain lymph nodes
63
how does cancer metastasize
gains access to blood supply hormones can sometimes influence growth
64
what are the contraindications for physical activity with cancer
fatigue so energy conservation for the body to fight
65
what are the statistics for childhood cancers
80% will survive 5 or more years 2nd leading cause of death for children 1-14 1/2 of childhood cancers involve organs with more circulatory functions
66
what is leukemia
cancer of T and B cells inability to develop mature T and B cells and replacement of bone marrow
67
what are risk factors for leaukemia
prior cancer Rx down syndrome white males
68
what are the red flags for leukemia
transient joint pain- in large joints cancer S&S hepatic S&S maybe respiratory S&S easy bruising due to spleen enlargement
69
what is soft tissue sarcoma
cancer that begins in soft tissue rhabdomyosarcoma
70
when does soft tissue sarcoma peak
between the ages of 2-5 years 2nd peak between 15-19 years
71
what is soft tissue sarcoma S&S
site dependent painless mass in muscle cancer S&S
72
what is incubation period
the period between becoming infected and having appearance of symptoms
73
what is the period of communicability
time period when an organism can be shed or the infectious period when one can become infected
74
what is a virus
dependent of host cells for life and reproduction no antibiotics anti-viral meds only help S&S and limit the virus
75
what is a bacteria
live and grow independent of host can use antibiotics can be classified
76
what is rickettsiae
bacteria that requires host antibiotics primarily animal pathogens can be life threatening
77
what is the chain of transmission
a pathogenic agent a reservoir a portal of exit from the reservoir
78
how can microorganisms be transmitted
contact- direct/indirect airborne droplets vehicle vector borne
79
what is a portal of entry for microorganisms
ingestion, inhalation, skin, etc
80
what can decrease gut flora
compromised immune health co morbidities SAD antibiotics hospitalized/long term care pts
81
what is E. Coli transmission/etiology
vehicle transmission through infected food hand to mouth direct contact found in GI tract
82
who are most at risk for E coli
organ transplant pts mechanically ventilated urinary of vascular catheterized traumatic injury
83
what are the S&S for E coli
GI and infection S&S
84
how is C diff transmitted
gains advantage in low gut flora environment fecal oral route can occur with disruption of intestinal mucosa from chemo, sx, or feeding tube
85
what is C diff
most common cause of persistent diarrhea suppresses good bacteria may lead to death
86
what are the risk factors for C diff
medicare age white females
87
what are the S&S of C diff
GI and infection S&S
88
what is staph
most common bacteria on the skin
89
what is MRSA
staph resistant to antibiotics serious threat to public health biofilm for resistance
90
how is staph transmitted
direct contact or inhalation greater risk with skin openings
91
what is strep
affects various systems most common is strep throat respiratory droplets
92
what are the most common cause of cellulitis
acute skin inflammation possible streaks
93
what respiratory infections can follow the flu
most common cause of meningitis pneumonia
94
what is gas gangrene
severe life threatening infection that targets muscles post op or post traumatic muscles
95
what is gas gangrene patho
occlusion or thrombosis of blood vessels may lead to hypotension or shock
96
what is gas gangrene S&S
sudden and severe pain due to ischemia at wound site thick foul discharge with crepitation from gas bubbles vascular and infection S&S
97
how are viral infections spread
respiration and direct contact
98
what are the PT implications for COVID
vaccination effective at limiting severity > preventing infection prevention to avoid modifiable risk factors
99
what is lyme disease
affects multiple systems tickborne pathogen curable
100
what is lyme diseases pathology
tick requires 36 hours to feedto inject bacteria no natural immunity develops so it can reoccur
101
what are the S&S for stage 1 of lyme disease
flu-like and infection S&S red, slowly expanding singular bulls' eye rash
102
what are the S&S for stage 2 of lyme disease
multiple bulls' eye aseptic meningitis- headache, stiff neck, impaired mentation, bells' palsy possible cardiopulmonary involvement and S&S
103
what are the S&S in stage 3 of lyme disease
joint pain- especially large joints systemic symptoms- late stage neurological S&S
104
what is lyme disease post infection syndrome
rare poorly or untreated conditions (fibromyalgia like S&S)

DPT 740/1: Clin Med 1 (7 decks)

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