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DPT 740/1: Clin Med 1 > E1-Systems Review, Oncology, Infectious Disease > Flashcards

E1-Systems Review, Oncology, Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of a systems review

A

identify non MSK or red flag S&S that require a referral

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2
Q

what is the best way to look for red flag S&S

A

look for combinations, isolation is just informative

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3
Q

where are red flags most found

A

hx and observation

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4
Q

what are commons signs of infection

A

malaise
fever, chills, sweats
N&V
enlarged, tender lymph nodes
signs specific to the infected systems

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5
Q

what is different about the symptoms in an older individual

A

mentation changes
subnormal body temp
bradycardia or tachy
fatigue/lethargy

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6
Q

what is in a systems review for infection

A

hx and observation
palpation- lymph nodes, heat, swelling, possible abdominal quadrants
vitals

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7
Q

what are common S&S of the immune system

A

GI pain/dysfunction
muscle or joint pain
skin and weight changes
typically affecting more than 1 part of the body
emotional changes

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8
Q

what are S&S of the immune system more likely to be a cause of

A

autoimmune conditions

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9
Q

what is in an immune system review

A

hx and observation
temperature
palpation of lymph nodes

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10
Q

what are cancer S&S

A

hx of cancer
P!- local and referred, especially at the same time at night (due to tumors metabolic activity), no change with position change
increased WBC with absence of infection
swollen and NON tender lymph nodes

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11
Q

what is in the cancer review

A

hx and observation
palpation of lymph nodes- NON tender
temperature

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12
Q

what are common signs of an integumentary system

A

itchy/dry/rough texture
hives/rash
callus
blisters
edema
change nail appearance

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13
Q

why would skin with dry/rough or itchy skin be a red flag

A

impaired circulation/oxygenation (diabetes)

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14
Q

what causes callus

A

excessive friction

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15
Q

why might blisters in abundance be different that just a normal blister

A

blisters in abundance could mean systemic issues

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16
Q

what are the ABCDE for melanoma

A

Assemetry
border
color
diameter
evolution

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17
Q

what might be an issue if a patient has an abundance of cafe au lait

A

underlying genetic problem

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18
Q

why is a patch of hair on the spine might be a red flag

A

underlying genetic condition
loss-impaired circulation

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19
Q

if a pt has skin irritation involving redness/red streaks, what might that inidcate

A

acute inflammation, stage 1 pressure ulcer, infection, allergic reaction

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20
Q

what does an ulceration or wound indicate

A

necrotic tissue

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21
Q

what is in a integumentary review

A

hx and observation
palpation- heat, swelling, skin mobility

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22
Q

what conditions within the endocrine system can affect the MSK system

A

neuromusculoskeletal- RA, OA, adhesive capsulitis, bilateral CTS, osteoporosis

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23
Q

what are common endocrine S&S

A

growth alterations
polydipsia
polyuria
increased perspiration
fluid imbalance

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24
Q

what is in an endocrine review

A

hx and observation
selective tension testing and/ or MMT
vitals

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25
Q

what are common S&S of the cardiovascular system

A

hx of family heart attack prior to age 60
pain in chest with or without referred pain C4-T4, especially with exertion
heart palpitations
SOB/wheezing

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26
Q

what are peripheral vascular S&S

A

LE edma including weight gain indicates impaired R ventricle
diminished pulse

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27
Q

what is in the cardiovascular review

A

hx and observation
vitals
ankle-brachial index

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28
Q

what are common S&S of lymphatic system

A

full, heavy, and/or tight sensation
impaired ROM
paresthesia/numbness
increased extremity in size
weight gain

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29
Q

what are some advanced symptoms of lymphatic system

A

skin breakdown/wounds
infections
possible difficulty breathing, speech, and swallowing

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30
Q

what is in a lymphatic review

A

hx and observation
ROM
girth measures
palpation of lymph nodes
temperature

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31
Q

what are common S&S of respiratory system

A

pain in neck and upper shoulder
thorax pain
digital clubbing
SOB
decreased breath sounds
hyperresonance with percussion

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32
Q

why would you have pain in the neck and upper shoulder with respiratory system problems

A

diaphragm is innervated by C3-5 and so are those regions

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33
Q

what is in the respiratory review

A

hx and observation
vitals
breath sounds
percussions

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34
Q

how many immune cells are in the gut

A

70-80%

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35
Q

why is gut health so important

A

there is an emotional physiological connection in the gut

bad diet=bad mood

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36
Q

what are common S&S of the GI system

A

dysphagia
N&V
food eversion/intolerance
indigestion/heartburn
full feeling (bloated)

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37
Q

what is in a GI review

A

hx and observation
abdominal quadrant assessment

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38
Q

what system has the largest number of phagocytic cells

A

hepatic

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39
Q

what are common S&S of the hepatic system

A

skin changes- jaundice, spider angioma
dark urine
discolored stool
edma
neurologic involvement- confusion, muscle tremors, asterixis

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40
Q

what is asterixis

A

paresthesia/numbness from ammonia build up and inability to maintain wrist ext with shoulder flx

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41
Q

what is hepatic osteodystrophy

A

metabolic bone disease due to suppression of bile flow
may manifest as osteoporosis

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42
Q

what is in a hepatic review

A

hx and observation
abdominal quadrant assessment
neurological tests

43
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increased number of cells

44
Q

what is metaplasia

A

an adult cell changes from one type to another

45
Q

what is dysplasia

A

greater presence of abnormal cells

46
Q

what is metastasis

A

spread of cancerous cells from the primary tumor

47
Q

what is differentiation in cancer

A

normal cells mature or differentiate into mature types of normal tissue
altered or lost completely with malignancies
the more undifferentiated the more aggressive the cancer

48
Q

what is anaplasia

A

loss of differentiation

49
Q

how can we classify neoplasm

A

cell type
tissue origin- primary or secondary
degree of differentiation
benign or malignant

50
Q

what is considered in stage 0 cancer

A

carcinoma preinvasive

51
Q

what is considered in stage 1 cancer

A

early stage, local cancer

52
Q

what is considered in stage 2 cancer

A

increased risk of spread because of tumor size

53
Q

what is considered in stage 3 cancer

A

local cancer has spread but may not be metastasized to distant regions

54
Q

what is considered stage 4 cancer

A

cancer has spread and metastasized to distant sites

55
Q

what are the most prevalent cancers

A

lung
breast
colorectal

56
Q

why are the most prevalent cancers so prevalent

A

all involve mucous producing glands

57
Q

what are the most treatable cancers

A

prostate and breast

58
Q

what percentage of cancers are due to genetics

A

5-10%
most often- prostate, breast, ovarian, and colorectal

59
Q

what percentage of cancers are due to exogenous

A

50%
all are most preventable

60
Q

what are cancer risk factors

A

prior cancer
lifestyle
some viruses
excessive and abnormal amounts of some hormones
inflammatory diseases

61
Q

how might genes be affected by risk factors to produce cancer

A

chromosomal additions or subtractions

62
Q

what sites are cancers more likely to metastasize to

A

lung
liver
bone
brain
lymph nodes

63
Q

how does cancer metastasize

A

gains access to blood supply
hormones can sometimes influence growth

64
Q

what are the contraindications for physical activity with cancer

A

fatigue so energy conservation for the body to fight

65
Q

what are the statistics for childhood cancers

A

80% will survive 5 or more years
2nd leading cause of death for children 1-14
1/2 of childhood cancers involve organs with more circulatory functions

66
Q

what is leukemia

A

cancer of T and B cells
inability to develop mature T and B cells and replacement of bone marrow

67
Q

what are risk factors for leaukemia

A

prior cancer Rx
down syndrome
white males

68
Q

what are the red flags for leukemia

A

transient joint pain- in large joints
cancer S&S
hepatic S&S
maybe respiratory S&S
easy bruising due to spleen enlargement

69
Q

what is soft tissue sarcoma

A

cancer that begins in soft tissue
rhabdomyosarcoma

70
Q

when does soft tissue sarcoma peak

A

between the ages of 2-5 years
2nd peak between 15-19 years

71
Q

what is soft tissue sarcoma S&S

A

site dependent
painless mass in muscle
cancer S&S

72
Q

what is incubation period

A

the period between becoming infected and having appearance of symptoms

73
Q

what is the period of communicability

A

time period when an organism can be shed or the infectious period when one can become infected

74
Q

what is a virus

A

dependent of host cells for life and reproduction
no antibiotics
anti-viral meds only help S&S and limit the virus

75
Q

what is a bacteria

A

live and grow independent of host
can use antibiotics
can be classified

76
Q

what is rickettsiae

A

bacteria that requires host
antibiotics
primarily animal pathogens
can be life threatening

77
Q

what is the chain of transmission

A

a pathogenic agent
a reservoir
a portal of exit from the reservoir

78
Q

how can microorganisms be transmitted

A

contact- direct/indirect
airborne
droplets
vehicle
vector borne

79
Q

what is a portal of entry for microorganisms

A

ingestion, inhalation, skin, etc

80
Q

what can decrease gut flora

A

compromised immune health
co morbidities
SAD
antibiotics
hospitalized/long term care pts

81
Q

what is E. Coli transmission/etiology

A

vehicle transmission through infected food
hand to mouth direct contact
found in GI tract

82
Q

who are most at risk for E coli

A

organ transplant pts
mechanically ventilated
urinary of vascular catheterized
traumatic injury

83
Q

what are the S&S for E coli

A

GI and infection S&S

84
Q

how is C diff transmitted

A

gains advantage in low gut flora environment
fecal oral route
can occur with disruption of intestinal mucosa from chemo, sx, or feeding tube

85
Q

what is C diff

A

most common cause of persistent diarrhea
suppresses good bacteria
may lead to death

86
Q

what are the risk factors for C diff

A

medicare age white females

87
Q

what are the S&S of C diff

A

GI and infection S&S

88
Q

what is staph

A

most common bacteria on the skin

89
Q

what is MRSA

A

staph
resistant to antibiotics
serious threat to public health
biofilm for resistance

90
Q

how is staph transmitted

A

direct contact or inhalation
greater risk with skin openings

91
Q

what is strep

A

affects various systems
most common is strep throat
respiratory droplets

92
Q

what are the most common cause of cellulitis

A

acute skin inflammation
possible streaks

93
Q

what respiratory infections can follow the flu

A

most common cause of meningitis
pneumonia

94
Q

what is gas gangrene

A

severe life threatening infection that targets muscles
post op or post traumatic muscles

95
Q

what is gas gangrene patho

A

occlusion or thrombosis of blood vessels
may lead to hypotension or shock

96
Q

what is gas gangrene S&S

A

sudden and severe pain due to ischemia at wound site
thick foul discharge with crepitation from gas bubbles
vascular and infection S&S

97
Q

how are viral infections spread

A

respiration and direct contact

98
Q

what are the PT implications for COVID

A

vaccination effective at limiting severity > preventing infection
prevention to avoid modifiable risk factors

99
Q

what is lyme disease

A

affects multiple systems
tickborne pathogen
curable

100
Q

what is lyme diseases pathology

A

tick requires 36 hours to feedto inject bacteria
no natural immunity develops so it can reoccur

101
Q

what are the S&S for stage 1 of lyme disease

A

flu-like and infection S&S
red, slowly expanding singular bulls’ eye rash

102
Q

what are the S&S for stage 2 of lyme disease

A

multiple bulls’ eye
aseptic meningitis- headache, stiff neck, impaired mentation, bells’ palsy
possible cardiopulmonary involvement and S&S

103
Q

what are the S&S in stage 3 of lyme disease

A

joint pain- especially large joints
systemic symptoms- late stage neurological S&S

104
Q

what is lyme disease post infection syndrome

A

rare
poorly or untreated conditions (fibromyalgia like S&S)

DPT 740/1: Clin Med 1 (7 decks)

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