E1: Nutrition Flashcards
What is the primary digestive enzyme for carbs?
Amylase
What is the primary digestive enzyme for proteins?
Protease
What is the primary digestive enzyme for fats?
Lipase
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
What water soluble vitamin binds to intrinsic factor?
Cyanocobalamin (B12)
What water soluble vitamin aids in iron absorption?
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
What nutrient deficiency results in Beriberi or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
Thiamine
What vitamin deficiencies result in Cheilitis, angular stomatitis, and glossitis?
Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), and Pyridoxine (B6)
What vitamin deficiency results in pellagra?
Niacin (B3)
What is pellagra?
Diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia
What can folate deficiency cause?
Macrocytic anemia
What can B12 deficiency cause?
Macrocytic anemia and peripheral neuropathy
What vitamin deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia?
Vitamin D
What can vitamin A deficiency cause?
Night blindness, bitots spots, poor wound healing,and dry skin
What can sodium deficiency cause?
Confusion, hypotension, and tachycardia
What can Zinc deficiency cause?
Taste disturbance, impaired wound healing
What can iodine deficiency cause?
Goiter
What can potassium deficiency cause?
Muscle cramping, fatigue, EKG with U waves
What can calcium deficiency cause?
Fractures and tetany
What can iron deficiency cause?
Fatigue, pallor, pale conjunctiva, pica, and koilonychia
What can vitamin C and K deficiency cause?
Bleeding gums, easy bruising, poor wound healing, petechiae, and purpura
What can Vitamin E deficiency cause?
Sensory and motor neuropathy
What can fluoride deficiency cause?
Tooth decay
What can sodium toxicity cause?
Edema
What can potassium toxicity cause?
Weakness, vomiting, EKG with peaked T waves
What can niacin toxicity cause?
Flushing
What can fluoride toxicity cause?
Tooth discoloration
What can copper toxicity cause?
Golden-brown discoloration of iris
What supplementation is necessary during pregnancy to decrease the risk of neural tube defects?
Folic acid
Exclusively breastfed infants should receive what kind of supplementation?
Vitamin D
What is important regarding nutrition in childhood?
Avoidance of sweetened foods and beverages
How many grams of fiber should be consumed daily? What does fiber do?
25-35 grams
-Regulates bowels, increases satiety, lowers cholesterol, improves glycemic control, and lowers risk of colorectal cancer
What is glycemic index? What is a high vs low glycemic index?
-a measure of how quickly food causes blood sugar to rise. A high glycemia index means that the food is rapidly digested and absorbed, and low means that it is slowly digested and absorbed
What is the Mediterranean diet?
- Plan based die of vegetables, fruit, whole grain breads and cereals, beans, and nuts
- olive oil
- fish, poultry, and dairy
What is the DASH diet?
- High in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, poultry, fish, nuts, and beans
- reduces sodium and increase potassium, calcium, and mg
- low fat
- low sugar
What are the concerns of using a very low calorie diet?
Loss of lean muscle mass, electrolyte abnormalities, bile stasis, and constipation
What are the concerns regarding the Keto diet?
Restrictive diet could lead to nutrient deficiencies, poor sustainability, and raise concern for heart disease and chronic disease
What kind of diet may be used for refractory cases of epilepsy?
Keto diet
What is the main concern regarding a vegan diet?
B12 deficiency
What is the benefit of intermittent fasting?
Promote weight loss and improve metabolic health through influence on hormone regulation and inflammatory response
What should you do with a patient with a positive nutrition screen?
Refer to a dietician for complete nutrition assessment
What are the 5 components of a nutrition assessment?
- food and nutrition related history
- patient history
- anthropometric measurements
- nutrition focused exam
- lab indicators
What is enteral nutrition?
Nutrition deliveries directly into the GI tract, bypassing the oral cavity
-appropriate for those with a functioning GI tract
What are the short term options for enteral nutrition?
Nasogastric, nasoduodenal, and nasojejunal
What are the long term options for enteral nutrition?
Gastrostomy and jejunostomy
What does a nutrition assessment do?
Targets body weight, muscle wasting, fat stores, volume status, and signs of nutrient deficiencies
What are the mechanical complications with enteral nutrition?
Tube misplacement, tube displacement, and tube obstruction
What are the metabolic abnormalities that may occur with enteral nutrition?
Hyperglycemia and unstable fluid/Lyte status
What is parenteral nutrition?
- Nutrition deliveries directly into the vein
- Appropriate for patients at risk of malnutrition in whom have no functioning GI tract or when oral intake and EN is not feasible or contraindicated
What are the two types of parenteral nutrition?
-Peripheral and total
What are the two option for TPN?
- Central venous catheter
- PICC
What are the mechanical complications of Parenteral nutrition?
-Catheter related sepsis, venous thrombosis, air embolus, pneumothorax
What are the metabolic complications for parenteral nutrition?
Hyperglycemia, azotemia, and lyte abnormalties
What is refeeding syndrome?
Intracellular shift of lytes (Mg, PO4, K)
What is medical nutrition therapy (MNT)?
Individualized therapeutic dietary interventions used in the managements of medical conditions
What is the MNT of Gastroparesis?
Small frequent low fat/low fiber meals
What is the MNT of Roux-En-Y gastric bypass?
Small frequent meals, avoidance of simple sugars
What is the MNT of IBD?
Well balanced nutrient rich diet, avoid processed/refined products, limit lactose
What are the risks for IDA?
- Blood loss
- Celiac
- H. Pylori
- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
- PPIs
What are the risks for B12 deficiency?
- Vegan
- Roux-En-Y gastric bypass
- Pernicious anemia
- terminal ileum, Crohn disease
- Celiac
- chronic pancreatitis
- Metformin
How can renal disease lead to nutrient deficiency?
Poor renal function can lead to sodium and fluid retention, hyperkalemia, and hyperphosphatemia
