Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Hormones and Behavior > (E1, L2) The Endocrine System > Flashcards

(E1, L2) The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

the study of the endocrine glands and their associated hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a neurohormone?

A

A hormones that is released by a neuron, or neurosecretory cell (vs. a hormone released by a non-neural cell is just a hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is neuroendocrinology?

A

The study of the transduction of a neural signal into a hormonal signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chemical messenger

A

any substance that is produced by a cell that affects the function of another cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cytokine

A

A chemical messenger that evokes proliferation (cell reproduction) of other cells, especially in the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neuromodulator

A

a hormone that changes the response of a neuron to some other factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neuropeptide

A

peptide hormone produced by a neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Neurosteroid

A

steroid hormone produced by a neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

nuerotransmitter

A

a chemical messenger that acts across the neural synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the systems of chemical mediation?

A

Intracrine mediation
Autocrine mediation
Paracrine mediation
Endocrine mediation
Ectocrine mediation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is intracrine mediation?

A

Intracrine substances regulate intrecellular events (inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Autocrine mediation?

A

Autocrine substances feed back to influence the same cells that secreted them. (go out of cell then back in, binds to own cell receptor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Paracrine mediation?

A

paracrine cells secrete chemicals that affect adjacent cells (essentially like neurotransmission)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is endocrine mediation?

A

endocrine cells secrete chemicals into the bloodstream, where they may travel to distant target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is ectrocrine mediation?

A

Ectrocrine substances, such as pheromones, are released into the environment by individuals to communicate with others (pheromones, for example)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine cells?

A

Endocrine cells release hormones into the bloodstream, exocrine cells send it out into the environment (salivary, sweat, mammary glands, ect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Master control of hormone secretions
  • Takes info from both outside and inside, then decides what hormones to release in response (not all, but most hormonal release)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pineal gland

A

reproductive maturation; body rhythms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

hormone secretion by thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads; growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

water balance; salt balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Thyroid

A

growth and development; metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Adrenal cortex (outer bark), Adrenal medulla (inner core)

24
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Salt and Carbohydrate metabolism; inflammatory reactions

25
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Emotional arousal; stress response

26
Q

Pancreas

A

sugar metabolism

27
Q

Gut

A

Digestion and appetite control

28
Q

Gonads

A

(testes/ovaries) Body development; maintenance of reproductive organs in adults

29
Q

What makes up the hypothalamus?

A
  • Several collections of cell bodies, or nuclei
  • Comprised of neurosecratory cells –> modified neurons that recieve info via NTs, but then release hormones (neural info into hormonal secretion)
30
Q

Describe the hypothalamic-pituitary axis

A

Hypothalamus communicates with pituitary in 2 ways:
1. Neurohormones reach the anterior pituitary via the portal system, then cause the AP to release its own hormones (releasing hormones; caused by something)
2. A completely different set of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells directly innervates the posterior pituitary, where it releases neurohormones into general circulation (direct, into bloodstream)

31
Q

What are the four main classes of hormones?

A
  • Protein and peptide hormones
  • Steroid hormones
  • Monoamines
  • Lipid-based hormones
32
Q

How do the four classes of hormones differ?

A
  1. mode of release
  2. how they move through the blood
  3. the location of their target cells’ receptors
  4. mechanism of action at the receptor
33
Q

What are peptide and protein hormones?

A
  • made up of amino acids
  • only a few amino acids in length–> peptide hormones
  • larger ones –> protein hormones
  • most common type in mammals
  • can be stored in endocrine cells (in vesicles) and released via exocytosis
  • large –> can’t pass through cell membranes, need receptors
  • fast
34
Q

What are the 3 domains of peptide and protein hormone receptors?

A
  • An extracellular domain- binds ligand
  • a transmembrane domain
  • a cytoplasmic domain
    (Two kinds: intrinsic enzymatic activity and second messenger)
35
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A
  • derived from cholesterol
  • most come from adrenal glands, gonads and brain
  • small and lipophilic (passes through cell membranes)
  • never stored, so released immediately upon production
  • some require carrier proteins to help move them through blood
  • slow (hours to days)
  • receptors are inside the cell
36
Q

What are monoamine hormones?

A
  • derived from a single amino acid
  • two classes of these hormones affect behavior: indolamines and catecholamines
  • thyroid hormones are also monoamines, but they don’t affect behavior
37
Q

What are lipid-based hormones?

A
  • possess a 20-carbon fatty acid skeleton
  • prostaglandins are the largest family of these
  • 4 different groups distinguishable by differences in cyclopentyl group of fatty acid skeleton
  • Effects: wide array of biological actions, often have opposing effects
38
Q

What are the anterior pituitary hormones?

A

(peptides and protein)
- anterior pituitary releases tropic hormones in respons to the releasing hormones of the hypothalamus
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Prolactin
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

39
Q

What are the posterior pituitary hormones?

A

Rather than being released into a portal system, the neurohormones from the hypothalamus are secreted directly into the PP
- Oxytocin (OT)
- Arginine vasopressin (AVP)

40
Q

What are the pancreatic hormones?

A

Four major peptide hormone products are secreted from the pancreas:
- Insulin
- Glucagon
- Somatostatin
- Pancreatic polypeptide

41
Q

What are the Gastrointestinal hormones?

A
  • secretin
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK)
  • Ghrelin
42
Q

How do the placental hormones work?

A
  • The placenta is a temporary endocrine organ thaht develops in the uterus during pregnancy
  • It helps to maintain nutritional, repiratory, and excretory functions for the fetus
  • it also produces several peptide and steroid hormones;
  • human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
  • Progesterone (P)
43
Q

How does the adrenal medulla work?

A
  • releases epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine in response to neural signals into general circulation
  • these are monoamines
  • stimuli that evoke release of catecholamines: stress, exercise, emotionality, low temps
  • influence circulatory and metabolic systems to prepare the body for action
44
Q

How do the hormones in the adrenal cortex work?

A
  • Zona glomerulosa: outer most zone, releases aldosterone
  • Zona fasciculata: middle zone, releases glucocorticoids (steroid hormones)
  • Zona reticularis: innermost area, releases low levels of some steroid hormones
45
Q

What is the purpose of the gonads?

A
  1. production of gametes
  2. production of steroid hormones (required for gamete production, development of secondary sex characteristics, behaviors that bring gametes together
    (male = testes, female = ovaries)
46
Q

What are sertoli cells?

A

(in testes) house and nourish developing sperm; produce the peptide hormone inhibin

47
Q

What are leydig cells?

A

(in testes) primary hormone-producing cells; produce steroid hormones (androgens) in response to gonadotropins from anterior pituitary

48
Q

What are androgens?

A

a class of hormones that have many physiological and behavioral effects
- testosterone
–Dihydrotestosterone (DHT; converted from testosterone in the presence of the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase)
–Androtestosterone

49
Q

How do the ovaries work?

A

produce gametes and steroid hormones (like the testes) (in the thecal cells) in response to gonadotropins from anterior pituitary
- Estrogens and progesterone
- they exhibit cyclic changes in function, whereas the testes do not

50
Q

How do estrogens function in the ovaries?

A

converted directly from testosterone via the enzyme aromatase (in the ovary)
- most common form is estradiol

51
Q

What is progesterone?

A

produced by the corpus luteum and is important for the maintenance of pregnancy (if it occurs)

52
Q

Are there such things as female hormones?

A

-no!
- both males and females produce estrogens and androgens, albeit in different amounts

53
Q

How do hormones work in the pineal gland?

A

-individual pineal cells each function as secretory structures
-produce serotonin and melatonin (indoleamines)
- primary functions has shifted from photoreception to neurorecretion

54
Q

What are the thyroid hormones?

A

-Thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3)
- derived from a single amino acid, tyrosine
- released in response to TSH from the anterior pituitary
- Affect metabolism, alter growth and differentiation, influence reproduction

55
Q

How are hormones regulated?

A
  1. by physiological by-products generated in response to their actions
  2. by the stimulatory or inhibitory effects of other hormones
56
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

shuts off system/production once the hormone binds to a receptor due to the “product” of behavior

57
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

The hormone illicits a behavior that then signals to the hormone to continue to its work

Hormones and Behavior (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions