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E > E1+ E2 > Flashcards

E1+ E2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cytosol

A

Represent the water containing inorganic ions and small organic molecules
Accounts for about 70-80% of the weight of a living cell

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2
Q

What is cytoplasm

A

A semi solid fluid that typically defines all contents

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3
Q

The nucleus

A

DNA packed into chromosomes within a nuclear matrix ( most cells are diploid)
Surrounded by a double membrane
Has nuclear pores to help movement of small molecules

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4
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of membrane folds with interconnected lumen
Rough er has ribosomes attached while smooth ER does not have
Serves as a store of ca2+ specially in muscle cells
Involves synthesis of lipids and steroids and detoxification of drugs in liver cell

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5
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Stacks of flattened smooth membrane sacs and vesicles
Processing and sorting of cytoplasmic membrane proteins and secretory proteins
Proteins undergo post translational modification

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6
Q

Mitochondria

A

Main energy factory and source of atp
Double membrane structure
Has its own circular DNA , RNA AND Ribosomes

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7
Q

Vesicles

A

Lysosomes
Endosomes
Phagosomes
Peroxisomes

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis
Subunits : eukaryotes 80s (60s and 20s) prokaryotes 70s (50s and 30s)

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis
Subunits : eukaryotes 80s (60s and 20s) prokaryotes 70s (50s and 30s)

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10
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Composed of distinct filamentous proteins that provide an internal scaffold contributing to cell shape and movement

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11
Q

Types of cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubles

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12
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Have free DNA (Nucleoid)
Smaller ribosomes
Lack membrane bound organelles
Have cell wall

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13
Q

Viruses

A

Grouped with micro organisms
Very small and requires a host to live in
Need to infect a cell and use its machinery to reproduce
Can be double stranded or single stranded

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14
Q

Anatomy of virus

A

Capsid protects viral genome
Capsomers protect genetic material
Capsomers bind specific receptors to host cells surface

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15
Q

Naked viruses

A

Capsid only
Includes polio and hepatitis A

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16
Q

Enveloped viruses

A

Capsid surrounded by lipid Bilayer
Envelope contain viral protein for infecting specific cell types
Includes HIV and influenza A and B

17
Q

Describe an amino acid molecule

A

Have a central carbon atom with 4 groups attached to it
Amino group NH3
Carboxyl group (COOH)
Hydrogen atom
And a variable R ( could be a group or a side chain)

18
Q

Enantiomers

A

Has a chiral centre
Distinguished by optical rotation

19
Q

Types of enantiomers

A

Levortatory (L) only in human cells
Dextrorotatory (D) are rare in nature but seen in bacterial cells wall and some antibiotics

20
Q

Hydrophilic amino acids

A

Basic ( positive, amino acid group)
Acidic ( negative , carboxyl groups )
Polar ( uncharged at neutral ph , negative and positive charges balance )

21
Q

How are amino acids linked together

A

In a linear sequence by peptide covalent bonds between Alpha amino and alpha carboxyl

22
Q

Peptide bond

A

Has a partial double bond character as it’s rigid and planar

23
Q

Primary structures

A

Linear sequence of amino acids
Includes location of other covalent bonds like disulphide

24
Q

Secondary structures

A

Local shape of polypeptide chain maintained by hydrogen bonds
Alpha helix’s or beta pleated sheets

25
Q

Tertiary structures

A

Over 3d shape arrangement
Binding of prosthetic groups

26
Q

Quaternary structures

A

Association of 2 or more polypeptide chains into a multi subunit complex

27
Q

How is the stability of a protein maintained

A

By a combination of non covalent interactions

28
Q

Globular proteins

A

Compact structures
Soluble in aqueous environments
Includes haemoglobin and various enzymes

29
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

Long structures
Insoluble in aqueous environment
Includes keratin, collagen and elastin

E (7 decks)

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