Dyslipidaemia

Question 1

What are lipoproteins?

Answer 1

Transports for lipids as they aren’t soluble in blood so can carry cholesterol and triglycerides and bind with cell membranes

Question 2

Name the four types of lipoprotein and what they carry

Answer 2

Chylomicrons - dietary lipids from intestines to cells
VLDL- TAGS from liver to adipose
LDL - cholesterol from liver to tissues
HDL - cholesterol from tissues to liver

Question 3

What does apolipoprotein a and b carry?

Answer 3

A - HDL

B - LDL

Question 4

What is the mechanism for HDL cholesterol transport?

Answer 4

LCAT transfers cholesterol from LDL to HDL (allegedly) in exchange for TAGs. Hepatic lipase then takes the cholesterol into the liver from the HDL

Question 5

List some types of dyslipidaemias

Answer 5

Hyper: lipid/cholesterol/triglyceride/lipoprotein/chylomicron aemia

Question 6

What are some signs of hyperlipidaemia?

Answer 6

Corneal arcus
Tendon xanthoma
Xanthalasmus

Question 7

What is the level for ideal cholesterol, LDLS and HDL?

Answer 7

<5.2
<1.8
>1.6

Question 8

What is very high cholesterol/LDL/HDL?

Answer 8

> 7.8
4.1-4.9
<1.3

Question 9

What is the effect of a 1 mmol decrease in total cholesterol and LDL?

Answer 9

Reduce CHD risk by 25%

Question 10

How is hyperlipidaemia treated?

Answer 10

Decrease fat intake to 25-35% of total calories
Lower saturated fat - stop liver producing cholesterol and increase LDL clearance
Increase fibre - will sequester and remove bile and LDLs

Question 11

What are three pharmaceutical treatments for high cholesterol and how do they work?

Answer 11

Bile acid sequestrants - keeps bile in gut so it is excreted so liver has to remake more using LDLs
Statin - lower production of cholesterol by 15-30%, LDL 20-60% increase HDL 10%
Fibric acids - reduce fatty acid uptake by liver

Question 12

What is the exercise recommendation for hyperlipidaemia?

Answer 12

3 days a week building up to 5-7 - 150-300mins
40-80% HR max
Walk/jog/cycle/swim
Warm up and cool down
Resistance - 1 set of 8-15 reps, 2-3 days
Flexibility - 4-7 days, 15-30s, 2-4x

Question 13

What effect would you expect to see after exercising?

Answer 13

Increase HDL by 0.008 per weekly mile. Further is better for LDLs
Overall increase in HDL and decrease in triglycerides. Others stay the same

Question 14

How does exercise have an effect on hyperlipidaemia?

Answer 14

Increase lipoprotein lipase and LCAT activity

Increase capillary density - more LL binding sites

Question 15

What are the roles of lipids?

Answer 15

Sex hormones
Cell membranes
Energy substrate
Organ protection
Thermal insulation
Neural insulation
Skin
Vitamin carrier