Cancer

Question 1

What are modifiable risk factors for cancer?

Answer 1

Smoke, weight, diet, alcohol, sun, active

Question 2

What is the pathophysiology of cancer?

Answer 2

Activate proto-oncogenes to become oncogenes causing cell division
Deactivate tumour suppressor genes to stop apoptosis
Need 5-6 changes

Question 3

What is the reduction in risk and strength of evidence for PA and bowel, rectal, breast, prostate, lung, testicular and ovarian cancer?

Answer 3

Strong 30-40
None
Probable 20-30
Unclear 10-30
Possible 20
Unclear x2

Question 4

How may exercise help reduce breast cancer?

Answer 4

Lower oestrogen
Delay menarche - less oestrogen
Less fat - less oestrogen
Less SHBG and IGF which can cause cancer

Question 5

How in general can exercise reduce cancer risk?

Answer 5

Better immune function so clearance of cancer
Better antioxidants
Aid smoke cessation

Question 6

How does exercise help cancer QOL?

Answer 6

Less nausea, fatigue, depression and anxiety

Increase function, physiological adjustment, flexibility, body composition and overall QOL

Question 7

What are contraindications for exercise in cancer?

Answer 7

Low haemoglobin - no high intensity
Low neutrophils - careful with infection
Low platelets - bleeding
Weight loss - low muscle mass
Dyspnoea, pain, fatigue, nausea, weakness - go to tolerance

Question 8

What is the prevalence of cancer? Mortality%, incidence, risk of getting, 10 year survival%

Answer 8

17%
14.9 million
1 in 4
50%