DYSFUNCTIONAL BEHAVIOUR : CATAGORISING

Question 0

Where is the DSM AND ICD USED?

Answer 0

DSM- USA

ICD- outside of USA

Question 1

What are the 2 main diagnostic manuals used?

Answer 1

DSM - Diagnostic statistic manual

ICD- International classification of disorders

Question 2

DSM?

Answer 2

Used by mental health professionals to help make diagnoses
Has been revised 11 times
Defines mental disorders as a clinically significant syndrome associated with :
•distress
•loss of functioning
•increased risk of death/pain
•loss of freedom

Question 3

How does DSM DIAGNOSE ?

Answer 3

Multi-Axial tool:
Axis 1) clinical syndromes
•the major diagnostic classification reached by the clinician. - catatonic schizophrenia or MDD
Axis 2) Developmental and Personality disorders
•additional diagnostic classification may contribute towards the Axis 1 syndrome- Anti social personality disorder and learning difficulties
Axis 3) Medical conditions
Axis 4) Psycho-social stressors
•all potentially stressful event (loss of job) or enduring circumstances (poverty) are rated on a scale of
1- none
9-catastrophic
(Past year)
Axis 5) Global assessment of function
•rates highest levels of social,occupational, and psychological function on a scale of
1-persistent danger
90- Good in all areas
Score of 30 suggest serious problems whereas score of 70 suggest mild

Question 4

DSM TECHNIQUES USED FOR ASSESSMENT ?

Answer 4

1) Behavioural observation- useful for axis 1
2) Clinical interviews - Axis 2
3) psychological test- Axis 2
4) Physiological tests- Axis 3

Question 5

ICD?

Answer 5

Published by the world health organisation (W.H.O)
Revised 5 times
Used throughout the world
Cross cultural collaborations in the 1980s to removes inconsistencies and ambiguities
ICD-10 each disorder has description of main features and number of symptoms needed to make accurate diagnosis
Indentifies 11 main categories of disorders
•schizophrenia
•dementia
•mood and personality disorders

Question 6

Similarities and differences of DSM & ICD?

Answer 6

Similarities:
Both have been systematically revised
Have categories in common (dementia)
Both diagnose mental and physical disorders

Differences:
DSM more holistic (Multi-axial tool) and more in depth
ICD more reductionist as checklist based

Question 7

EVALUATION OF DSM

Answer 7

1) misdiagnosis,
Can lead
To Inaccurate/inappropriate treatment/diagnosis/ therapy and can even lead to wrongly institutionalised
2) Labelling,
Can lead to stigmatisation, self
Fulfilling prophecy, over simplification and distortion of behaviour
3)historical/cultural context
Often reflect political or social attitudes at the time - homosexuality was mental disorder in early DSM manuals
4)reliability
In order for it to be reliable different clinicians have to arrive at the same conclusion
However terms weren’t clear and diff techniques when interviewing - when revised terms operationalised
5) Validity,
Low validity as relies on human interpretation, cannot measure objectively mental disorders
6) Appropriate treatment,
Reliable diagnosis will lead to a reliable treatment being used- be effective
7) prognosis
Predicting the cause of the disorder can help to decide how to treat it
8) makes too many assumptions
The individual is passive and someone can treat them , also clear cut categories that symptoms nearly fit in and do not overlap when in fact they do