Dynamic Earth: Chapter 2

Question 1

deepest drill hole

Answer 1

12km (did not reach mantle)

Question 2

a branch of geology that studies the interior of the Earth

Answer 2

Geophysics

Question 3

waves that travel through the interior, following ray paths bent by varying density affected by temperature and pressure gradients which is known as refraction

Answer 3

Body Waves

Question 4

waves that are longitudinal or compressional that travel less than twice as fast as S-waves and can travel through and type of material

Answer 4

P-Wave

Question 5

transverse or shear waves, ground is displaces perpendicularly to the direction of propagation and can only travel through solids

Answer 5

S-Wave

Question 6

waves that pass through the entire earth

Answer 6

Seismic Waves

Question 7

the return of some waves to the surface after bouncing off a rock layer boundary

Answer 7

Seismic Reflection

Question 8

bending of seismic waves as they pass from one material to another having different seimic wave velocities

Answer 8

Seismic Refraction

Question 9

The oceanic crust is composed of:

Answer 9

Mafic, primarily basalt and gabbro

Question 10

The continental crust is composed of:

Answer 10

Felsic, with average composition similar to granite

Question 11

equilibrium of adjacent blocks of brittle crust floating on upper mantle

Answer 11

Isostacy

Question 12

rising or sinking of crustal blocks to achieve isostatic balance

Answer 12

Isostatic Adjustment

Question 13

rise of the crust after ice sheet removal

Answer 13

Crustal Rebound

Question 14

force determined by the masses and distance between them

Answer 14

Gravitational Force

Question 15

tools that detects tiny changes in gravity at Earth’s surface related to total mass beneath any given point

Answer 15

Gravity Meters

Question 16

a region of magnetic force

Answer 16

Magnetic Field

Question 17

times when the poles of Earth’s magnetic field switch

Answer 17

Magnetic Reversals

Question 18

the study of ancient magnetic fields in rocks

Answer 18

Paleomagnetism

Question 19

a tool used to measure local magnetic field strength and can detect metallic ore deposits, igneous rocks, and layers of non-magnetic sediments

Answer 19

Magnetometers

Question 20

temperature increase with depth into the Earth

Answer 20

Geothermal Gradients

Question 21

the gradual loss of heat through Earth’s surface

Answer 21

Heat Flow

Question 22

the Earth’s surface is divided into a few large, thick plates that move slowly and change in size over time (lithospheric plates

Answer 22

Plate Tectonics