DWT 2

Question 1

Which animals have less of a neutrophil storage pool compared to dogs and cats?
What does this mean with acute inflammation?

Answer 1

Horses and cattle have a smaller reserve
So with acute inflammation they have neutropenia [although it wouldn’t be called that] rather than neutrophilia with dogs and cats

Question 2

What two pools of leukocyte precursor in bone marrow

Answer 2

Proliferating and Maturation

Question 3

The earlier stages are _fewer or more _ in number

Answer 3

More in number in the mature stage because thats what is in circulation

Question 4

2 ways Stress causes neutrophilia and 1 way stress causes lymphopenia

Answer 4

Stress is glucocorticosteroid
Steroids increase release of mature neutrophils from the bone marrow AND decrease the adhesion molecules so the marginal pool is pushed into circulation
Lymphopenia because cortisol sequesters the lymphocytes

Question 5

Excitement mechanism for neutrophilia and erythrocytosis/thrombocytosis with lymphocytosis

Answer 5

Excitement = epinephrine increases blood flow and heart rate
This blood flow pushes the neutrophils on the margin to the circulation
The splenic contraction leads to thrombocytosis and erythrocytosis
The lymphocytosis is because the stroke volume increases and by the same mechanism the lymph is pulled from the marginal pool and into the blood

Question 6

Negative acute phase protein definition and example

Answer 6

Is one that decreases with inflammation -Albumin

Question 7

Are bands always present in a Inflammatory neutrophilia?

Answer 7

No
Depends on severity

Question 8

Why is there decreased production neutropenia -2 reasons

Answer 8

Wasn’t producing enough neutrophils in bone marrow [hypoplasia] OR inhibited neutrophil maturation

Question 9

Define toxicity in terms of neutrophilia

Answer 9

When there is more of a need for neutrophils than there are mature ones so the immature ones are released [ bands ]

Question 10

What does Addison Disease do? (Lymphocytes, cortisol )

Question 11

T/F: Does lymphopenia come from bone marrow injury? Why?

Answer 11

No it doesn’t because the lymphocytes come from the secondary lymphoid organs

Question 12

5 causes of lymphocytosis

Answer 12

Excitement
chronic inflammation
young age
Hypoadrenocortisolism [addision’s disease]
lymphoma

Question 13

Lymphoid hyperplasia is a classic aspect of

Answer 13

Chronic inflammation [left shift and anemia of chronic disease and monocytosis]

Question 14

Which type of hemolytic pattern is most common for infections in domestic species

Answer 14

beta hemolytic - streptococci

Question 15

Name the 2 main subspecies of Coagulase positive Staphylococci

Answer 15

More virulent staph:
S. aureus
S. pseudintermedius

Question 16

Paratenic host

Answer 16

Doesn’t aid the parasite developmentally, just a host that helps transport
-not required

Question 17

Microparasite vs macroparasite

Answer 17

Microparasite- pathogen multiply within host
Macroparasite- make eggs but they dont multiple within the host
BOTH reproduce within host but only micro parasite multiplies in number

Question 18

Does normal immunity limit or eliminate parasitic infection

Answer 18

Limits reinfection and reproduction
In other words immunity prevents disease not infection

Question 19

L3 limitations (3x) in strongylida

Question 20

Larvae dormant in the host called

Question 21

What happens to the prepatent period if hypobiosis is longer?

Question 22

Which is worse Type 1 or Type 2 disease in Ostertagia and Haemonchus (os the trichostrongyloidea )

Answer 22

Type 2 bc the hypobiotic reactivate at the same time
In Ostertagia The larvae are re-activated and cause Disease when they break out of the gastric gland think about Pepsinogen in blood stream
and haemonchus feed off of the blood in the lumen as an adult

Question 23

Which Superfamily has a large buccal capsule that helps plug feeding in the Order Strongylida

Answer 23

Strongyloidea

Question 24

Will therapy kill larvae in hypobiosis?

Answer 24

No their metabolism is low

Question 24

Bactericidal or bacteriostatic: MBC to MIC large

Answer 24

Baceriostatic because wedont want to kill with this drug

Question 25

T/ F bacteriocidal antimicrobials néed to be given at concentrations at or above MBC to be bacteriocidal

Answer 25

True they kill bacteria if concentrations reach MBC

Question 26

Antibiotic mechanisms of action (3 things)

Answer 26

Inhibit cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis and nuclei acid synthesis

Question 27

Where is the site of infection for pathogens mostly

Answer 27

Interstitial space which is why the minimum inhibitory concentration is measured from using the plasma concentration or the interstitial space concentration
So the exceptions are going to be for the protected sites where there are tight junctions and it won’t reach that MIC

Question 28

Do hydrophilic or lipophillic drugs penetrate to intracellular infections, a and grandulomas abscesses

Answer 28

Lipophillic

Question 29

What are the 3 protective effects of inflammation?

Question 30

Vascular changes of acute inflammation

Question 31

Does inflammation increase or decrease blood viscosity/ thickness? And why?

Question 32

Mechanisms of vascular leakage

Question 33

Is salmonella in Normal flora or carrier?
Is it extracellular or intracellular?
How long does it survive in environment?
Is it lactose positive or negative?

Question 34

Can you get pasturellla multocida from environment?

Answer 34

No environmental reserve

Question 35

4 basic diseases with pasteurella

Question 36

Rattles

Answer 36

Bronchopneumonia in foals in rabhidococcus