DWT 2 Flashcards
Which animals have less of a neutrophil storage pool compared to dogs and cats?
What does this mean with acute inflammation?
Horses and cattle have a smaller reserve
So with acute inflammation they have neutropenia [although it wouldn’t be called that] rather than neutrophilia with dogs and cats
What two pools of leukocyte precursor in bone marrow
Proliferating and Maturation
The earlier stages are _fewer or more _ in number
More in number in the mature stage because thats what is in circulation
2 ways Stress causes neutrophilia and 1 way stress causes lymphopenia
Stress is glucocorticosteroid
Steroids increase release of mature neutrophils from the bone marrow AND decrease the adhesion molecules so the marginal pool is pushed into circulation
Lymphopenia because cortisol sequesters the lymphocytes
Excitement mechanism for neutrophilia and erythrocytosis/thrombocytosis with lymphocytosis
Excitement = epinephrine increases blood flow and heart rate
This blood flow pushes the neutrophils on the margin to the circulation
The splenic contraction leads to thrombocytosis and erythrocytosis
The lymphocytosis is because the stroke volume increases and by the same mechanism the lymph is pulled from the marginal pool and into the blood
Negative acute phase protein definition and example
Is one that decreases with inflammation -Albumin
Are bands always present in a Inflammatory neutrophilia?
No
Depends on severity
Why is there decreased production neutropenia -2 reasons
Wasn’t producing enough neutrophils in bone marrow [hypoplasia] OR inhibited neutrophil maturation
Define toxicity in terms of neutrophilia
When there is more of a need for neutrophils than there are mature ones so the immature ones are released [ bands ]
What does Addison Disease do? (Lymphocytes, cortisol )
T/F: Does lymphopenia come from bone marrow injury? Why?
No it doesn’t because the lymphocytes come from the secondary lymphoid organs
5 causes of lymphocytosis
Excitement
chronic inflammation
young age
Hypoadrenocortisolism [addision’s disease]
lymphoma
Lymphoid hyperplasia is a classic aspect of
Chronic inflammation [left shift and anemia of chronic disease and monocytosis]
Which type of hemolytic pattern is most common for infections in domestic species
beta hemolytic - streptococci
Name the 2 main subspecies of Coagulase positive Staphylococci
More virulent staph:
S. aureus
S. pseudintermedius
Paratenic host
Doesn’t aid the parasite developmentally, just a host that helps transport
-not required
Microparasite vs macroparasite
Microparasite- pathogen multiply within host
Macroparasite- make eggs but they dont multiple within the host
BOTH reproduce within host but only micro parasite multiplies in number
Does normal immunity limit or eliminate parasitic infection
Limits reinfection and reproduction
In other words immunity prevents disease not infection
L3 limitations (3x) in strongylida
Larvae dormant in the host called
What happens to the prepatent period if hypobiosis is longer?
Which is worse Type 1 or Type 2 disease in Ostertagia and Haemonchus (os the trichostrongyloidea )
Type 2 bc the hypobiotic reactivate at the same time
In Ostertagia The larvae are re-activated and cause Disease when they break out of the gastric gland think about Pepsinogen in blood stream
and haemonchus feed off of the blood in the lumen as an adult
Which Superfamily has a large buccal capsule that helps plug feeding in the Order Strongylida
Strongyloidea
Will therapy kill larvae in hypobiosis?
No their metabolism is low
Bactericidal or bacteriostatic: MBC to MIC large
Baceriostatic because wedont want to kill with this drug
T/ F bacteriocidal antimicrobials néed to be given at concentrations at or above MBC to be bacteriocidal
True they kill bacteria if concentrations reach MBC
Antibiotic mechanisms of action (3 things)
Inhibit cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis and nuclei acid synthesis
Where is the site of infection for pathogens mostly
Interstitial space which is why the minimum inhibitory concentration is measured from using the plasma concentration or the interstitial space concentration
So the exceptions are going to be for the protected sites where there are tight junctions and it won’t reach that MIC
Do hydrophilic or lipophillic drugs penetrate to intracellular infections, a and grandulomas abscesses
Lipophillic
What are the 3 protective effects of inflammation?
Vascular changes of acute inflammation
Does inflammation increase or decrease blood viscosity/ thickness? And why?
Mechanisms of vascular leakage
Is salmonella in Normal flora or carrier?
Is it extracellular or intracellular?
How long does it survive in environment?
Is it lactose positive or negative?
Can you get pasturellla multocida from environment?
No environmental reserve
4 basic diseases with pasteurella
Rattles
Bronchopneumonia in foals in rabhidococcus
