Duress by threat Flashcards

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1
Q

What is duress by threat

A

The defendant is forced to perform the criminal act by someone else, they fear a threat or serious injury

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2
Q

What case would you use for the definition of duress by threats

A

Cole

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3
Q

When is duress by threats available

A

Any crime except murder and attempted murder

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4
Q

What case set out the 6 rules for duress by threat

A

Hasan

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5
Q

What are the 6 rules set out in Hasan

A
  1. There must be a threat to cause death or serious injury
  2. The threat must be directed against D or someone close to them
  3. Whether D acted reasonably in the light of the threat will be judged objectively
  4. The threats relate directly to the crime committed by the D
  5. There was no evasive action the D could have taken
  6. D cannot use the defence if they voluntarily put themselves in the position (self-induced)
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6
Q

What must the threat not be in order for duress to stand

A

Must not be implied

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7
Q

What case stated that duress can not come from an implied threat

A

Hammond

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8
Q

Who may a threat be aimed at

A

You, family, or someone close to you

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9
Q

What case sets out the 2 part test which determines whether Ds response was reasonable

A

Graham

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10
Q

What was the 2 part test set out in Graham

A

1 - Was the D compelled to act because they feared serious injury or death (subjective)?
2 - Would a sober person of reasonable firmness have responded in the same way (objective)?

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11
Q

What case sets out what characteristics should also be considered when deciding if the D acted reasonably

A

Bowen

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12
Q

What are some characteristics that will be considered for duress by threat

A

Age, sex, physical health/ disability, less able to resist pressure or mental illness

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13
Q

What factors will not be considered for duress by threat

A

More vulnerable, provocation and self inflicted abuse

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14
Q

What must the threat be in order for the duress by threat to stand

A

Specific to the crime committed

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15
Q

Is a defendant able to use duress by threat if they are able to escape

A

No

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16
Q

What case would you use for avenue to escape under duress by threat

A

Gill

17
Q

When may a defendant not use duress by threat

A

If they have put themselves in that position

18
Q

What case would you use for self inflicted under duress by threat

A

Hasan