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NeuroEndocrine > Dural Sinuses, Meninges, and Vasculature > Flashcards

Dural Sinuses, Meninges, and Vasculature Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the cranial meninges from superficial to deep?

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

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2
Q

What are the two layers of dura mater?

A

Periosteal Layer: attached to cranial bones

Meningeal Layer

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3
Q

What is the space called between the two layers of the dura mater?

A

Dural Venous Sinuses (large blood-filled spaces)

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4
Q

What are emissary veins?

A

Veins that drain the scalp into the the dural venous sinuses

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5
Q

What can infections of the scalp lead to?

A

Meningitis

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6
Q

What are bridging veins?

A

Veins that drain cerebral cortex into the dural venous sinuses

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7
Q

What is the arachnoid composed of?

A

Arachnoid Trabeculae: Web of collagen and elastic fibers

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8
Q

What is the subdural space?

A

Potential space between arachnoid and dura mater.

In theory, this space should not exist.

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9
Q

What can form a subdural space?

A
  1. Bleeding of Bridging Veins

2. Lumbar Punctures

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10
Q

What is found in the subarachnoid space?

A
  1. CSF

2. Branches of Internal Carotid Arteries

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11
Q

How can aneurysms form in the subarachnoid space?

A

Low collagen can cause weaker blood vessels, which can lead to higher potential of aneurysms from the ICA branches in the subarachnoid space.

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12
Q

Where is pia mater found?

A

Tightly adheres to brain and follows every contour of the brain surface

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13
Q

What is the cranial dural septa?

What is their purpose?

A

Meningeal layer of Dura Mater extends as flat partitions deep into the cranial cavity.
The septa provides stabilization and support for the brain. It also separates specific parts of the brain.

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14
Q

What does the falx cerebri separate?

A

The two hemispheres of the cerebrum

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15
Q

What does the tentorium cerebelli separate?

A

Cerebellum from Cerebrum

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16
Q

What does the falx cerebelli separate?

A

The two hemispheres of the cerebellum

17
Q

What does the diaphragma sellae cover?

A

Pituitary Gland

18
Q

What plane is the falx cerebri and falx cerebelli found in?

A

Sagittal Plane

19
Q

What plane is the tentorium cerebelli found in?

A

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

20
Q

What are the five dural venous sinuses that are found in the cranial dural septa?

A
  1. Superior Sagittal Sinus
  2. Inferior Sagittal Sinus
  3. Straight Sinus
  4. Sigmoid Sinus
  5. Transverse Sinus
21
Q

What is the main artery that supplies the three layers of the cranial meninges?
Where does it branch from?

A

Middle Meningeal Artery

ECA –> Maxillary Artery –> MMA

22
Q

What are the two branches of the Middle Meningeal Artery?

A

Frontal and Parietal Branches

23
Q

What cranial nerve provides sensory afferent information to the meninges?

A

All branches of Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve)

24
Q

What causes an epidural hematoma?

What does it look like on an x-ray?

A

Ruptured Middle Meningeal Artery - can be caused if hit at the pterion
Lens shaped hematoma on side of brain

25
Q

What is a pterion?

A

Point where temporal bone, parietal bone, sphenoid bone, and frontal bone meet

26
Q

What causes a subdural hematoma?

What does it look like on an x-ray?

A

Bleeding of bridging veins most commonly seen in babies and the elderly
Crescent shaped hematoma on side of brain

27
Q

What causes a subarachnoid hematoma?

What does it look like on an x-ray?

A

Ruptured aneurysm from cerebral arteries mostly in post-menopausal women and people with hypertension
Spider like webs in middle of brain

28
Q

Where can the supra-orbital vein, superior ophthalmic vein, and inferior ophthalmic vein drain into?

A
  1. Facial Vein

2. Dural Venous Sinuses via the orbit

29
Q

What does the Sigmoid sinus drain into?

A

Jugular Vein

30
Q

What structures are in the cavernous sinus?

A 
Internal Carotid Artery
CN III (Oculomotor Nerve)
CN IV (Trochlear Nerve)
CN VI (Abducens Nerve)
CN V1 (Ophthalmic Nerve)
CN V2 (Maxillary Nerve)
31
Q

What type of blood surrounds cavernous sinus?

A

Venous Blood

32
Q

What nerve is next to the internal carotid artery in the cavernous sinus?

A

Abducens Nerve

33
Q

What are the four parts of the Internal Carotid Artery?

A
  1. Cervical Part
  2. Petrous Part
  3. Cavernous Part.
  4. Cerebral Part
    - –> Circle of Willis
34
Q

What causes a cavernous sinus thrombosis?

A

Infection of face that can spread through ophthalmic veins and reach cavernous sinus

35
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) found?

A

Subarachnoid Space

36
Q

What makes CSF?

A

Choroid plexus in ventricles

More specifically, ependymal cells secrete fluid

37
Q

What is the difference between CSF and blood plasma composition?

A

CSF: Greater sodium and less potassium

*Both have similar amounts of hydrogen and calcium

38
Q

What structure drains CSF into dural venous sinuses?

A

Arachnoid Granulations

39
Q

What happens if there is a problem with pressure gradient with dural venous sinuses?

A

Hydrocephalus (brain has enlarged ventricles)

NeuroEndocrine (14 decks)

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