DSM-5 Mental Disorders Flashcards
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that has occurred since age 15 and involves at least three characteristic symptoms (e.g., failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behavior, deceitfulness, impulsivity, reckless disregard for the safety of self and others, lack of remorse). The person must be at least 18 years old and have a history of conduct disorder before 15 years of age
Bipolar II Disorder
A diagnosis of bipolar II disorder requires at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode. A hypomanic episode lasts for at least four consecutive days and involves at least three symptoms that are also associated with a manic episode but are not severe enough to cause marked impairment in functioning or require hospitalization. A major depressive episode lasts for at least two weeks and involves at least five characteristic symptoms, at least one of which must be a depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure
Conversion Disorder
The symptoms of conversion disorder involve disturbances in voluntary motor or sensory functioning and suggest a serious neurological or other medical condition (e.g., paralysis, seizures, blindness, loss of pain sensation) with evidence of an incompatibility between the symptom and recognized neurological or medical conditions
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
A depressive disorder marked by severe, recurrent temper outbursts displayed verbally and/or behaviorally that occurs, on average, three or more times a week, and a persistently irritable or angry mood between outbursts. Symptoms have been present for 12 or more months, occur in at least two settings, and have an onset before age 10. The diagnosis cannot be assigned for the first time before age 6 or after 18. If criteria for both this disorder and oppositional defiant disorder are met, only this disorder should be diagnosed. And, while bipolar disorders are episodic conditions (i.e., periods of mood disturbance can be differentiated from how the child usually is), this disorder is not an episodic condition
Gender Dysphoria (in Children)
For gender dysphoria in children, the diagnostic criteria are a marked incongruence between assigned gender at birth and experienced or expressed gender as evidenced by a strong desire to be the opposite sex and at least five symptoms (e.g., strong preference for wearing clothes of the other gender, strong presence for wearing clothes of the other gender, strong preference for cross-gender roles during play, strong preference for toys and activities typically used or engaged in by the other gender, strong preference for playmates of the opposite gender, strong desire for primary and/or secondary sex characteristics of one’s experienced gender). Symptoms must have a duration of at least six months and cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning
Insomnia Disorder
Insomnia disorder is characterized by dissatisfaction with sleep quality or quantity that is associated with at least one characteristic symptom - difficulty initiating sleep; difficulty maintaining sleep; early-morning awakening with an inability to return to sleep. The sleep disturbance occurs at least three nights each week, has been present for at least three months, occurs despite sufficient opportunities for sleep, and causes significant distress or impaired functioning
Major Depressive Episode
Lasts at least two weeks, represents a noticeable change from the person’s usual functioning, and includes at least five symptoms (at least one must be depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure): (a) depressed mood (in children and adolescents, the mood may be irritable); (b) markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or nearly all activities; (c) significant weight loss or gain and a decrease or increase in appetite; (d) insomnia or hypersomnia; (e) psychomotor agitation or retardation; (f) fatigue or loss of energy; (g) feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; (h) impaired ability to think or concentrate or indecisiveness; and/or (i) recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or specific plan for committing suicide
Mood Stabilizing Drugs (Lithium, Anticonvulsant Drugs)
Mood stabilizing drugs are used to alleviate mania and mood swings in bipolar disorder and include lithium and anticonvulsants (e.g., carbamazepine). Lithium is usually the drug-treatment-of choice for classic bipolar disorder, while an anticonvulsant drug may be more effective for patients who experience rapid mood swings or who have dysphoric mania
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
OCD is characterized by recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions that are time-consuming or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning. Obsessions are persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that the person experiences as intrusive and unwanted and that he attempts to ignore or suppress, and compulsions are repetitious and deliberate behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform either in response to an obsession or according to rigid rules. A combination of exposure with response prevention and the tricyclic clomipramine or an SSRI is usually the treatment-of-choice for OCD
Paraphilic Disorders
The paraphilic disorders include voyeuristic, exhibitionistic, frotteuristic, sexual sadism, pedophilic, fetishistic, and transvestite disorders. These disorders are characterized by an “intense and persistent sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physically mature, consenting human partners…[that] is currently causing distress or impairment to the individual or… has entailed personal harm, or risk of harm, to others” (APA, 2013, pp. 685-686)
Retrograde Amnesia
A loss of memory for events that occurred or information that was acquired prior to the trauma or other event that caused the amnesia
Sensate Focus
Technique used in sex therapy to reduce performance anxiety and increased sexual excitement. Involves “nongenital pleasuring” initially, gradually building to genital stimulation with a ban on intercourse
Substance-Induced Disorders
The substance-induced disorders include substance intoxication, substance withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders. The latter “are potentially severe, usually temporary, but sometimes persisting central nervous system (CNS) syndromes that develop in the context of the effects of substances of abuse, medications, or toxins” (APA, 2013, p. 487) and include, among others, substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder, and substance/medication-induced neurocognitive disorders
Acute Stress Disorder
The diagnosis of acute stress disorder requires the development of at least nine symptoms following exposure to actual or threatened death, severe injury, or sexual violation in at least one of four ways (direct experience of the event; witnessing the event in person as it happened to others; learning that the event occurred to a close family member or friend; repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the event). Symptoms can be from any of five categories (intrusion, negative mood, dissociative symptoms, avoidance symptoms, arousal symptoms) and have a duration of three days to one month
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
ADHD is the appropriate diagnosis when an individual has at least six symptoms of inattention and/or six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, and the symptoms had an onset before 12 years of age, are present in at least two settings (e.g., home and school), and interfere with social, academic, or occupational functioning. About 15 percent of children with ADHD continue to meet the full diagnostic criteria for the disorder as young adults and another 60 percent meet the criteria for ADHD in partial remission. In adults, inattention predominates the symptom profile. Treatment usually involves a CNS stimulant (e.g., Methylphenidate) and behavioral and cognitive-behavioral techniques
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
The essential feature of body dysmorphic disorder is a preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear minor to others. In addition, at some point, the person has engaged in repetitive behaviors (e.g., mirror checking, excessive grooming, skin picking) or mental acts (e.g., comparing his/her appearance with that of others) in response to these concerns
Cyclothymic Disorder
Cyclothymic disorder involves fluctuating hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode, with symptoms lasting for at least two years in adults or one year in children and adolescents
Dissociative Amnesia
A diagnosis of dissociative amnesia requires an inability to recall important personal information that cannot be attributed to ordinary forgetfulness and causes clinically significant distress or impaired functioning. It is often related to exposure to one or more traumatic events. The most common forms of amnesia are localized and selective
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
GAD involves excessive anxiety and worry about multiple events or activities, which are relatively constant for at least six months, the person finds difficult to control, and cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning. Anxiety and worry must include at least three characteristic symptoms (or at least one symptom for children) - restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge; being easily fatigued; difficulty concentrating; irritability; muscle tension; sleep disturbance. Treatment usually involves cognitive-behavioral therapy or a combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy
Intellectual Disability
Intellectual disability is diagnosed in the presence of (a) deficits in intellectual functions (e.g., reasoning, problem solving, abstract thinking); (b) deficits in standards of personal independence and social responsibility and impair functioning across multiple environments in one or more activities of daily life; and (c) an onset of intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits during the developmental period. Four degrees of severity (mild, moderate, severe, and profound) are based on adaptive functioning in conceptual, social, and practical domains
Major Neurocognitive Disorder
Major neurocognitive disorder (formerly dementia) is diagnosed when there is evidence of significant decline from a previous level of functioning in one or more cognitive domains that interferes with the individual’s independence in everyday activities and does not occur only in the context of delirium. Mild neurocognitive disorder (formerly cognitive disorder NOS) is the appropriate diagnosis when there is evidence of a modest decline from a previous level of functioning in one or more cognitive domains that does not interfere with the individual’s independence in everyday activities and does not occur only in the context of delirium. Subtypes are based on etiology and include major and mild neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease, vascular disease, dramatic brain injury, HIV infection, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder involves a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy as indicated by at least five characteristic symptoms (e.g., has a grandiose sense of self-importance; is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, beauty, love; believes he/she is unique and can be understood only by other high-status people; requires excessive admiration; has a sense of entitlement; lacks empathy; is often envious of others or believes others are envious of him/her)
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is characterized by a persistent preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control that severely limits the individual’s flexibility, openness, and efficiency. At least four characteristic symptoms must be present (e.g., exhibits perfectionism that interferes with task completion, is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships, is reluctant to delegate work to others unless they are willing to do it his way, adopts a miserly spending style toward self and others)
Parkinson’s Disease
Movement disorder involving bradykinesia (slowness of movement), rigidity, and resting tremor. About 20-60 percent of patients eventually develop neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson’s disease
Schizoaffective Disorder
Schizoaffective disorder is a psychotic disorder involving an uninterrupted period of disturbance during which there are concurrent symptoms of a mood disorder and the active-phase symptoms of a mood disorder and the active-phase symptoms of schizophrenia, with at least a two-week period in which hallucinations and delusions are present without predominant mood symptoms
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Separation anxiety disorder involves developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety related to separation from home or attachment figures as evidenced by at least three symptoms (e.g., recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or major attachment figures, persistent excessive fear of being alone, repeated complaints of physical symptoms when separation from an attachment figure occurs or is anticipated). The disturbance must last at least four weeks in children and adolescents or six months in adults and must cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning
Tardive Dyskinesia
Potentially irreversible extrapyramidal side-effect associated with long-term use of a first-generation (traditional) antipsychotic drug. Symptoms include rhythmical, stereotyped movements of the muscles of the face, limbs, and trunk (similar to Huntington’s chorea). In some cases, symptoms are alleviated by a GABA agonist or by gradual withdrawal of the drug
Alcohol Withdrawal
Diagnosed in the presence of at least two characteristic symptoms within several hours to a few days following cessation or reduction of alcohol consumption: autonomic hyperactivity; hand tremor; insomnia; nausea or vomiting; transient illusions or hallucinations; anxiety; psychomotor agitation; generalized tonic-clonic seizures
Benzodiazepines
A type of anxiolytic (antianxiety drug). More effective for alleviating anticipatory anxiety than panic symptoms. Side-effects include drowsiness, ataxia, slurred speech, and other signs of CNS depression. Abrupt cessation can cause rebound hyperexcitability
Bulimia Nervosa
Characterized by (a) recurrent episodes of binge eating that are accompanied by a sense of a lack of control; (b) inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain (e.g., self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise); and (c) self-evaluation that is unduly influenced by body shape and weight. Treatment usually includes nutritional counseling, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and in some cases, antidepressants
Delusions
False beliefs that are firmly held despite what other people believe and/or the existence of clear and indisputable evidence to the contrary
Factitious Disorder
Individuals with factitious disorder imposed on self falsify physical or psychological symptoms that are associated with their deception, present themselves to others as being ill or impaired, and engage in the deceptive behavior even in the absence of an obvious external reward for doing doing so. Individuals with factitious disorder imposed on another falsify physical or psychological symptoms in another person, present that person to others as being ill or impaired, and engage in the deceptive behavior even in the absence of an external reward. For both types of fictitious disorder, falsification of symptoms can involve feigning, exaggeration, simulation, or induction (e.g., by ingestion of a substance or self-injury)
HIV/AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
AKA HIV disease. A viral disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which may be transmitted by sexual contact, blood-to-blood contact, and from a pregnant woman to her unborn child. HIV suppresses the body’s immune system and, therefore, results in a vulnerability to a range of opportunistic infections include Kaposi’s sarcoma (a form of cancer) and a rare form of pneumonia. These diseases are known as opportunistic infections because they take advantage of a compromised immune system that is no longer able to fight them off
Loose Associations (Derailment of Thought)
Involve abrupt shifts from one fragmented thought to another with little if any logical connection between the thoughts
MAOIs (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors)
Antidepressant drugs that inhibit the enzyme that deactivates sopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. MAOIs appear to be most effective for treating non-endogenous and atypical depression. Side-effects include anticholinergic effects, insomnia, agitation, confusion, and weight gain. When taken in conjunction with other drugs or foods containing tyramine, they can cause a hypertensive crisis
Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer’s Disease
This disorder is diagnosed when the criteria for major or mild neurocognitive disorder are met, there is an insidious onset and gradual progression of impairment in one or more cognitive domains (or at least two domains for major neurocognitive disorder), and the criteria for probable or possible Alzheimer’s disease are met. It involves a slow, progressive decline in cognitive functioning
Outline for Cultural Formulation
The DSM-5’s Outline for Cultural Formulation provides guidlines for assessing four factors: the client’s cultural identity; the client’s cultural conceptualization of distress; the psychosocial stressors and cultural factors that impact the client’s vulnerability and resilience; and cultural factors relevant to the relationship between the client and therapist
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
These include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized behavior. The active phase symptoms of schizophrenia include delusions, hallucinations, and/or disorganized speech and may also include grossly disorganized behavior or negative symptoms
Schizophreniform Disorder
The diagnostic criteria for schizophreniform disorder are identical to those for schizophrenia except that the disturbance is present for at least one month but less than six months and impaired social or occupational functioning may occur but is not required
Specific Learning Disorder
Specific learning disorder is diagnosed when a person exhibits difficulties related to academic skills as indicated by the presence of at least one characteristic symptom that persists for at least six months despite the provision of interventions targeting those difficulties. The diagnosis requires that the individual’s academic skills are substantially below those expected for his age, interfere with academic or occupational performance or activities of daily living, began during the school-age years, and are not better accounted for by another condition or disorder or other factor such as uncorrected visual or auditory impairment or psychosocial adversity
Uncomplicated Bereavement
Included in the DSM-5 with other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention and is described as “ a normal reaction to the death of a loved one” (APA,2013, P. 716). Uncomplicated bereavement may include symptoms of a major depressive episode, but the individual usually experiences the symptoms as normal and may be seeking treatment for insomnia, anorexia, or other associated symptoms
Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium (Delirium Tremens)
Alcohol-induced disorder diagnosed in the presence of prominent disturbances in attention, awareness, and cognition following cessation or reduction of alcohol consumption that are sufficiently severe to warrant clinical attention. Common associated features include autonomic hyperactivity, vivid hallucinations, delusions, and agitation
Beta-Blockers (Propranolol)
Propranolol and other beta-blockers block or diminish the cardiovascular excitatory response to the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. They are used to treat cardiovascular disorders, glaucoma, and migraine headache and are also useful for reducing the physical symptoms of anxiety. Common side-effects of propranolol include bradycardia, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, decreased sexual ability, and trouble sleeping
Catecholamine Hypothesis
Theory that attributes depression to deficient norepinephrine and mania to excessive norepinephrine