Clinical Intervention with Specific Populations Flashcards

1
Q

Cultural Encapsulation

A

Refers to the tendency of therapists and counselors to interpret everyone’s reality through their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes

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2
Q

Medicaid

A

Social security program providing medical and health related services for individuals and families with low incomes Through direct payment to suppliers of the program. Low income is only one test for Medicaid eligibility; assets and resources also are tested against established thresholds determined by each state (i.e., means testing). Within federal guidelines, states have discretion in determining which groups their Medicaid programs will cover and the financial criteria for eligibility. States must cover categorically needy individuals, however, which usually includes recipients of SSI and families with dependent children receiving cash assistance, as well as other mandatory low-income groups such as pregnant women, infants, and children with incomes less than a specified percent of the federal poverty level. States must also cover certain low-income Medicare beneficiaries

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3
Q

Social Class

A

A social category of persons based on wealth, status, power, educational attainment and background

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4
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

The possession of meager income and assets so that the person cannot maintain a subsistence level of income

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5
Q

Cultural Paranoia

A

Term used to describe appropriate mistrust and suspiciousness of African-Americans toward whites resulting from racism and oppression. In therapy, may be a cause of nondisclosure

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6
Q

Medicare

A

Social security program proceeding health care benefits (health insurance coverage) to most people over age 64 (i.e., those who are eligible for monthly social security benefits and are U.S. citizens or permanent residents of the U.S. who have lived in the U.S. for at least five years); to some people with disabilities under age 65; and to people of all ages with end-stage renal disease (permanent kidney failure treated with dialysis or a transplant). Part A of Medicare is a compulsory Hospital Insurance (HI) program, and Part B is a voluntary program of Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI). Part A covers inpatient hospital services, care in skilled nursing facilities, home health services, and hospice care

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7
Q

Socioeconomic Class (or Status; SES)

A

Categorization of groups of people according to level of income or education, value orientation, location of residence, etc. (e.g., upper, middle, and working classes)

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8
Q

Aids Dementia Complex

A

One of the most common neurological complications of HIV disease. Produces behavioral changes and diminished mental functioning. In the DSM-5, is called neurocognitive disorder due to HIV disease

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9
Q

High-Context Vs. Low-Context Communication

A

Refers to different communication styles exhibited by different cultural groups. Members of many culturally diverse groups in America exhibit high-context communication, which relies on shared cultural understanding and nonverbal cues. In contrast, Anglos are more likely to exhibit low-context communication, which relies primarily on the verbal message

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10
Q

Reasonable Accommodation (Americans with Disabilities Act)

A

Under the Americans with Disabilities Act, a qualified person with a disability’ is someone with a disability who, with or without “reasonable accommodation” can perform the essential functions of the job he holds or has applied for. Reasonable accommodation involves, among other things, making existing workplace facilities readily accessible to and usable by the person with a disability and the acquisition or modification of needed equipment

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11
Q

Therapist-Client Matching

A

Research on therapist-client matching in terms of race, ethnicity, or culture has shown that it increases the duration of treatment but does not have consistent effects on other therapy outcomes

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12
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act

A

Legislation that requires companies with 25 or more employees to avoid using procedures that discriminate against people with physical or mental disabilities and, when a disabled person is able to perform the essential functions of a job, to consider the person qualified and to make reasonable accommodations

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13
Q

Hospice Care

A

An interdisciplinary approach to caring for individuals with terminal illness when recovery is unlikely (most hospices accept patients who have a life expectancy of six months or less and are referred by their personal physician). Care may be provided in the individual’s home, a nursing home, or a hospice unit in a hospital or community agency. Hospice care integrates medical, psychological, and social approaches. It emphasizes quality of life; holistic approaches to pain control (psychological and spiritual pain0; palliative care (specialized care when curative treatments are no longer available); and the involvement of family and others in caring for the patient. Hospice programs also support caregivers by offering convalescent and respite care

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14
Q

Relative Poverty

A

An individual’s standard of living is well below that of the mainstream community but higher than the subsistence level. See also absolute poverty

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15
Q

Victim Blaming

A

The notion that a person is responsible at least to some extent, for being harmed, disadvantaged, etc. (e.g., believing that a poor person is too lazy to work)

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16
Q

Acculturation

A

The cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture. Includes the degree to which a member of a culturally diverse group within a society accepts and adheres to the behaviors, values, attitudes, etc., of his own group and the dominant (majority) group. Contemporary models of acculturation view it as an ongoing process and emphasize that individuals can take on the values, attitudes, and behaviors of their new culture without abandoning those of their indigenous culture

17
Q

Elder Abuse

A

Physical battering, neglect, psychological or emotional harm, and/or exploitation (e.g., financial) of elderly individuals. Most often inflicted by those responsible for their care (e.g., their adult children, legal custodians, etc.) Two common causes of elder abuse are caregiver stress (a caregiver becomes overwhelmed by the demands of caring for a dependent older person and is then physically abusive in a moment of anger or begins to neglect the older person’s needs) and caregiver impairment (the caregiver’s mental illness or substance abuse)

18
Q

Multisystems Approach

A

An approach that , according to many experts, is appropriate for clients from non-white-Anglo cultures because the concept underlying it is familiar and acceptable to many non-dominant cultural groups (i.e., “it takes a community to raise a child”). It entails taking full advantage of all appropriate resources available in the community, and its goals are to increase a client’s awareness of all available support systems and resources and to empower the client to use them

19
Q

SSI (Supplemental Security Income)

A

A social security program. A federal income supplement program funded by general tax revenues (not social security taxes) SSI is designed to help aged, blind, and disabled people who have little or no income and provides cash to meet basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter. Basic requirements for SSI eligibility involve citizenship, income, financial resources, age, and disability. Since the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, SSi eligibility is generally restricted to U.S. citizens living in one of the 50 states, the district of Columbia, or the Northern Mariana Islands. However, eligibility is still possible for noncitizen members of certain classes of refugees or asylums, act duty or retired military personnel and their families, and lawful permanent residents who have earned or can be credited with 40 quarters of social security covered employment

20
Q

Adult Protective Services (APS)

A

Social, medical, legal, residential, custodial, and other services provided for adults who are unable to provide this care for themselves and have no friends, family, etc., who can provide the care. Individuals who receive these services are typically unable to act for themselves, which places them at risk for being harmed or harming others. Eligibility or need for services is usually determined by the courts

21
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Belief that one’s own culture, ethnic or racial group, or nation is superior to others

22
Q

Poverty Line

A

Index of the amount of money necessary to enable a person to live at a minimum standard of living. Revised regularly to reflect changes in the cost–of-living index

23
Q

Stereotypes

A

Schemas about entire groups that contain oversimplified, rigid, and generalized impressions of members of those groups; these impressions are held despite the existence of individual differences among members of the group. A serious consequence of stereotyping is the devaluation of the individual which occurs when the people belonging to another group are no longer viewed as unique individuals - instead, all members of the group are presumed have the same, often negative or inferior, characteristics

24
Q

Androgyny

A

Having mannerisms, behaviors, appearance, and other characteristics of both genders

25
Q

Individualism (Worldview)

A

Individualism centers on the personal rather than on the social group or social context in which a person lives. A person with this worldview (a) emphasizes personal self-concept over family life; (b) relates his sense of well-being to a sense of personal control; (c) attributes events or behaviors to dispositional factors; (d) sees events in terms of personal preferences; (e) prefers goal-oriented, direct, low-context communication; and (f) in conflict situations, prefers a confrontational and attributional approach

26
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

An expectation about a certain group, person, etc., that influences the way that group, person, etc. is perceived. Can occur when social workers or other therapists have biases about certain groups and may adversely affect treatment. For example, if a therapist believes the poor have low incomes because they are too lazy to work, he might not follow through on a poor client’s request for vocational assistance

27
Q

Welfare Rights

A

The concept that social services should be available to all citizens. Various associated rights include the fair distribution of services and funds, confidentiality of client records, accessibility of information about available benefits to those who are eligible, etc.

28
Q

Collectivism (Worldview)

A

Assumes that groups connect and mutually obligate individuals - the personal is subordinate to the larger social group or context. A person with this worldview (a) emphasizes family life over personal self-concept; (b) does not connect his sense of well-being to a sense of personal control; (c) attributes events or behaviors to situational factors; (d) sees events in terms of what he believes the expectations of others might be; (e) prefers indirect, high-context communication; and (f) in conflict situations, prefers an accommodation and negotiation approach

29
Q

Less-Eligibility Principle

A

Notion that poor individual should not get financial aid that will raise them to a level above that of the lowest paid working person in the community

30
Q

Sexual Prejudice, Stigma, and Heterosexism

A

Herek (2004) argues that sexual prejudice is a more precise term than homophobia and describes sexual prejudice as all negative attitudes based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual. Herek also uses the term heterosexism, which he defines as cultural ideologies or “systems that provide the rationale and operating instructions” that promote and perpetrate antipathy, hostility, and violence against homosexuals. Furthermore, stigma refers to “the shared knowledge of society’s negative regard for any non heterosexual behavior, identity, relationship, or community

31
Q

Working Poor

A

Working persons whose income and assets are so low that they fall below the poverty line.