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NE Exam 3 > DSA Neurophysiology of Emotion > Flashcards

DSA Neurophysiology of Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

T/F. Displays of emotion provide important cues to others in the community about things that may impact their immediate physical and emotional safety.

A

True

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2
Q

This literally means “border” and the system was named based on the fact that the regions involved were at the base of the cerebrum.

A

Limbic System

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3
Q

The limbic system is now recognized to control (or be involved in controlling)…

A

Emotional behavior
Motivation drives

***These two are very closely tied together.

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4
Q

This part of the Limbic System is a key player in production of emotion. It functions in the emotional experience as well as physiological responses. It is the connection to the ANS.

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

T/F. Olfactory areas (and para-olfactory) strongly link olfaction with emotion. This is what happens we smell something and it makes us think of something or someone, it induces an emotion. Part of Limbic System.

A

True

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6
Q

This part of the Limbic System contains the anterior nucleus of the Papez Circuit, which has to do with memory and emotion (more memorable events are usually emotional in some way). Other regions of this are also involved in both input and output (relay information) of the Limbic System.

A

Thalamus

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7
Q

This part of the Limbic System contains the Nucleus Accumbens and Putamen. Each play a different role, and are tied to pleasure and disgust.

A

Basal Ganglia

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8
Q

This part of the Limbic System contains another part of the Papez Circuit. It is involved with memory and learning, which are strongly linked with emotion. The more emotional you are in an event, the more likely you are to remember it.

A

Hippocampus

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9
Q

Parahippocampal regions are linked to __________ (recognize novelty).

A

Surprise

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10
Q

This part of the Limbic System is important in integrating emotion. It is associated with emotion from very early on, particularly fear and anger.

A

Amygdala

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11
Q

This part of the Limbic System is made of mostly Paleocortex (3 cell layers), but some parts have the full 6 layers. An important feature is that many neurons here show after-discharge, meaning they continue to fire even after the event that started the firing. This is why emotions persist after an event (i.e., fear and anger last longer than the event, you can stay mad at someone for a long time). Tied to memory and survival advantage.

A

Cingulate Cortex

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12
Q

Recent evidence suggest that there is a subset of emotions that are “hardwired” in our brains. These emotions include…

A 
Fear
Anger
Pleasure
Avoidance
Sadness
Disgust
Surprise
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13
Q

One of the most important findings in identifying the physiological basis of emotion is that the circuits that allow us to experience an emotion are the same circuits that allow us to…

A

Identify that emotion in others

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14
Q

A person who cannot experience an emotion also can’t do what?

A

Recognize that emotion in someone else

***Result of mirror neuron system

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15
Q

What are the two kinds of fear?

A

Innate (unconditioned)

Learned (conditioned)

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16
Q

This type of fear requires no experience. In animals, it is associated with olfactory cues. In humans, it’s debated if it exists but it’s thought to be involved with falling or loud noises.

A

Innate (unconditioned)

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17
Q

This type of fear is from experience. In humans, the experience can be indirect (watching someone else experience a frightening thing – like in horror movies).

A

Learned (conditioned)

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18
Q

This does the processing and recognition of social cues related to fear. Performs emotional conditioning in response to fear. Closely related to memory (fear leads to memory formation).

A

Amygdala

***Basically the core of the fear pathway

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19
Q

The sensory inputs used to create fear arrive at the amygdala by two pathways, which are…

A

Direct Thalamo-Amygdaloid Pathway

Indirect Thalamo-Cortico-Amygdaloid Pathway

20
Q

Both fear pathways take the information to what portion of the amygdala?

A

Lateral Nucleus

21
Q

The Direct Thalamo-Amygdaloid Pathway goes to the Lateral Nucleus of the Amygdala. This pathway mediates ________ responses.

A

Rapid

22
Q

The Indirect Thalamo-Cortico-Amygdaloid Pathway goes to the Lateral Nucleus of the Amygdala. This pathway mediates _______ responses.

A

Later

23
Q

The _______ _______ of the Amygdala integrates the inputs (from the pathways). For example, if there is a loud sound followed by a shock, then the sound and shock are integrated together.

A

Lateral Nucleus

24
Q

The now paired information (from the Lateral Nucleus of Amygdala) is sent to the _______ _______ and ______ ______ of the Amygdala for additional processing. The pairing becomes stronger here.

A

Basal Nuclei

Intercalated Nuclei

25
Q

The information from the Basal and Intercalated Nuclei is then sent to the _______ ______ of the Amygdala for the “final event”. Here, it is decided what response needs to happen from the fear, and this info is sent.

A

Central Nucleus

26
Q

The Central Nucleus of the Amygdala decides what responses are required and relays that information appropriately, and the _________ is the important component of generating the physiologic responses.

A

Hypothalamus

27
Q

What happens if there is damage to the amygdala?

A

Fear is not perceived, therefore conditioning related to fear does not occur.

28
Q

Anger is mediated through the _________ (rage was first emotion associated with a specific brain structure). It requires ________ acting at ________ receptors within this area.

A

Amygdala
Dopamine
D2

29
Q

What happens if D2 receptors are blocked in the amygdala?

A

Dopamine can’t bind, resulting in an inability to recognize anger.

30
Q

What parts are required in inhibiting anger (ability to control anger by suppressing acting out, not inhibiting the actual feeling of anger itself)?

A

Neocortex
Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus
Septal Nuclei

31
Q

_________ is designed to do the opposite of the pleasure/reward pathways. It prevents the occurrence of a behavior that has short-term rewards but long-term negative consequences.

A

Avoidance

32
Q

What anatomical substrates are required for avoidance?

A

Lateral Posterior Hypothalamus
Dorsal Midbrain
Entorhinal Cortex

33
Q

What anatomical substrates are required for sadness?

A

Lower sector of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

34
Q

When is sadness strongly activated?

A

When recalling sad events

35
Q

What anatomical substrates are required for disgust?

A

Insular Cortex

Putamen

36
Q

The Insular Cortex and Putamen are responsible for the processing and recognition of social cues related to _______ (i.e., noticing facial expressions related to this).

A

Disgust

37
Q

If there is damage to the Insular Cortex and Putamen, what happens?

A

Sensation and recognition of disgust is lost.

***This is one of the first signs of Huntington’s disease!

38
Q

Surprise is strongly associated with the ________ _______.

A

Parahippocampal Gyrus

39
Q

This is important in detecting novelty or unexpected events.

A

Parahippocampal Gyrus

40
Q

Cortical control of emotions is done by the…

A

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

41
Q

The Anterior Cingulate Cortex is functionally divided into two regions, which are…

A

Ventral – Affective

Dorsal – Cognitive

42
Q

The ventral region of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex has various roles in emotion. It integrates visceral, attentional, and emotional input. Regulates ________, particularly top-down control (“controlling our emotions”). Monitors or detects conflict between our “functional” state (right now) and new information that has potential or motivational consequences. All of this information is relayed to the ________ _______.

A

Affect
Prefrontal Cortex

***If something scary happens to you, your functional state right now is you’re scared, but then you gain new information that that the scary thing was just your friend wearing a mask.

43
Q

The Prefrontal Cortex has two divisions, which are…

A

Dorsolateral

Ventromedial

44
Q

This division of the Prefrontal Cortex receives input from motor areas (including basal ganglia and pre- and supplementary motor cortex), the cingulate cortex, and several cortical association areas. It provides motor control.

A

Dorsolateral

45
Q

This division of the Prefrontal Cortex receives input from the amygdala, hippocampus, temporal visual association area, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (other division).

A

Ventromedial

46
Q

The Ventromedial division of the Prefrontal Cortex has three roles, which are…

A

Reward Processing

Integration of Bodily Signals (“Gut-Feeling”)

Top-Down Regulation (Towards Delayed Gratification)

NE Exam 3 (16 decks)

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