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NE Exam 3 > 8 - Introduction to Endocrine System > Flashcards

8 - Introduction to Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

This type of signaling is when a cell releases a hormone that binds to that same cell, creating a change.

A

Autocrine

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2
Q

This type of signaling is when a cell releases a hormone and it binds to a different cell very nearby, creating a change.

A

Paracrine

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3
Q

This type of signaling is when a cell releases a hormone into the blood stream and it travels to a far away cell to bind, creating a change.

A

Endocrine

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4
Q

This type of signaling is when a neuron releases a hormone into the blood stream and it travels to a far away cell to bind, creating a change.

A

Neuroendocrine

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5
Q

Hormone glands are important for the regulation of multiple organs to meet _______ and _______ demands. They play a major role in homeostasis.

A

Growth

Reproduction

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6
Q

What are the classical endocrine glands?

A 
Hypothalamus
Anterior/Posterior Pituitary 
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal Cortex/Medulla
Gonads
Endocrine Pancreas 
Placenta (transitory organ)
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7
Q

Hormones are synthesized by endocrine cells within organs whose primary function is not endocrine. There are cells in…

A 
Adipose
Heart
Liver
Kidney
GI tract
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8
Q

T/F. Hormones are modified by peripheral conversion (i.e., angiotensin II, Vitamin D).

A

True

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9
Q

What hormones are within the hypothalamus?

A 
TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone) 
CRH (Corticotropin-releasing hormone) 
GnRH (Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone)
GHRH (Growth hormone releasing hormone) 
Somatostatin
Dopamine
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10
Q

What hormones are within the anterior pituitary?

A 
TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) 
FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) 
LH (Luteinizing Hormone) 
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) 
MSH (Melanocyte-stimulating hormone) 
Growth hormone 
Prolactin
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11
Q

What hormones are within the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin

ADH (Antidiuretic hormone, or Vasopressin)

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12
Q

What hormones are within the thyroid?

A

T3
T4
Calcitonin

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13
Q

What hormones are within the parathyroid?

A

PTH (Parathyroid hormone)

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14
Q

What hormones are within the pancreas?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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15
Q

What hormones are within the adrenal medulla?

A

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

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16
Q

What hormones are within the kidney?

A

Renin

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (Calcitriol – Vitamin D)

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17
Q

What hormones are within the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Adrenal androgens

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18
Q

What hormones are within the testes?

A

Testosterone

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19
Q

What hormones are within the ovaries?

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

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20
Q

What hormones are within the corpus luteum?

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

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21
Q

What hormones are within the placenta?

A

HCG
Estriol
Progesterone
hPL

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22
Q

What are the three general classes of hormones?

A

Protein/Peptide hormones
Steroid hormones
Amines

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23
Q

Protein/peptide hormones are stored in vesicles until needed. Polypeptides with greater than 100 AAs are called ________, while polypeptides with less than 100 AAs are called _______. They are water-soluble.

A

Proteins

Peptides

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24
Q

Steroid hormones are synthesized from _________. They are lipid-soluble and not stored in vesicles.

A

Cholesterol

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25
Amine hormones are derived from...
Tyrosine
26
Protein/peptide hormones are synthesized in ribosomes as non-functional __________. They are then modified in the ER to _________. From there they go to the golgi where proteolytic enzymes cleave to form the functional hormone. It is then packaged into vesicles.
Preprohormones | Prohormones
27
An endocrine cell stimulus causes the release of the protein/peptide hormones from their secretory vesicles. What are examples of these stimuli?
Increased intracellular calcium | Increased cAMP and PKA activation
28
What are examples of steroid hormones?
``` Cortisol Aldosterone Estradiol Estriol Progesterone Testosterone 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol ```
29
Steroid hormones are derivatives of cholesterol. Modifications are made via addition or removal of side chains, __________ or aromatization of the steroid nucleus.
Hydroxylation
30
Where are steroid hormones synthesized and secreted from?
Adrenal cortex Gonads Corpus luteum Placenta
31
What are the two groups of amine hormones?
Catecholamines | Thyroid hormones
32
These amine hormones are synthesized in the cytosol and secretory granules. They act through cell-membrane associated receptors.
Catecholamines
33
Thyroid hormones are synthesized by the thyroid gland and stored as __________ in follicles within the gland. They cross cell membranes and act through nuclear receptors.
Thyroglobulin
34
Which hormone groups have the greatest plasma half-life from longest to shortest?
Thyroid hormones Steroid hormones Protein/Peptide hormones
35
Neuronal input to an endocrine cell increases or decreases hormonal secretion. What is an example of this?
Sympathetic preganglionic innervation of the adrenal medulla -- when stimulated it causes the release of catecholamines into the circulation
36
What are the two mechanisms for regulation of hormone secretion?
Neural Mechanism | Feedback Mechanisms
37
Feedback mechanisms are more common than neural mechanisms. Some element of the pathway feeds back, directly or indirectly, on the endocrine gland to change secretion rate. There is both ________ and ________ feedback.
Positive | Negative
38
Explain positive endocrine feedback, and give an example of it.
Some feature of hormone action causes additional secretion of the hormone. It is uncommon in biologic systems, and leads to an explosive event when it occurs. Examples are ovulation (estradiol) and labor contractions.
39
Explain negative endocrine feedback.
Predominant mode of feedback loop among endocrine glands. Some feature of hormone action inhibits further secretion of the hormone. Confer stability by keeping a physiological parameter (i.e., blood glucose level) within a normal range.
40
This type of negative feedback occurs when a hormone is released from a 3rd tier (peripheral endocrine gland) and feeds back all the way to the 1st (hypothalamus) and 2nd (pituitary) tiers.
Long-Loop feedback
41
This type of negative feedback occurs when the hormone secreted from the 2nd tier (pituitary) feeds back to the 1st tier (hypothalamus).
Short-Loop feedback
42
This type of negative feedback occurs when the gland inhibits its own secretion.
Ultra Short-Loop feedback
43
Descending and ascending neuronal inputs modulate hormonal secretion from the hypothalamus. The major inputs are...
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) Pineal Gland Physiological stresses
44
This neuronal input to the hypothalamus imposes a circadian rhythm on the secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones and endocrine axes.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
45
This neuronal input to the hypothalamus releases melatonin which feedbacks to the SCN information about day-night.
Pineal Gland
46
What confers specificity to the hormone actions?
Receptors
47
Responsiveness of target tissue is expressed in dose-response relationship. The responsiveness can be changed in two ways, which are...
Changing the number of receptors | Changing the affinity of the receptors for the hormone
48
This is the term for the increase of number of receptors or sensitive of target tissue when hormone levels are low.
Up-regulation
49
What are the three ways up-regulation occurs?
Increase the synthesis of new receptors Decrease the degradation of existing receptors Activating receptors
50
This is the term for the reduction in receptor numbers or sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are high (chronic).
Down-regulation
51
What are the three ways down-regulation can occur?
Decrease in receptor synthesis Increased degradation of existing receptors Inactivating/desensitizing receptors
52
Describe the signal transduction pathway for the following 1st messenger hormones: ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, and glucagon.
``` 1st messenger hormone -- Receptor -- G-protein Activated -- Primary effector: Adenylyl Cyclase -- 2nd messenger: cAMP -- Secondary effector: Protein Kinase A (PKA) -- Phosphorylation of proteins -- Physiologic actions ```
53
Describe the signal transduction pathway for the following 1st messenger hormones: GnRH, TRH, oxytocin.
``` 1st messenger hormone -- Receptor -- G-protein Activated -- Primary effector: Phospholipase C -- PIP2 divided into DAG and IP3 -- IP3 causes increased Calcium release from ER or SR -- Increased Calcium causes DAG to make increased PKC -- Secondary effector: PKC or Calmodulin -- Physiologic actions ```
54
Put the following steps in order for the steroid hormone mechanism of action: A. Translation produces new proteins for cell processes. B. The receptor-hormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes. C. Some steroid hormones also bind to membrane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. D. Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. E. Activated genes create new mRNA that moves back to the cytoplasm. F. Steroid hormone receptors are in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
1) D. 2) F. 3) B. 4) E. 5) A. 6) C.
55
Guanylyl cyclase activation converts _______ to _______.
GTP | cGMP
56
cGMP goes on to activate cGMP kinases (like ANP) and this results in the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle via ______ ______.
Nitric Oxide (NO) ***Remember Viagra!
57
There are two categories of tyrosine kinases, which are...
Receptor tyrosine kinases | Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors
58
T/F. Receptor tyrosine kinases have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. When activated, tyrosine kinase phosphorylated downstream proteins.
True ***The tyrosine kinase is part of the receptor!
59
Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors are non-covalently bound to proteins that have kinase activity. When activated, the kinase phosphorylates downstream proteins. What is an example of this type of receptor?
Receptors bound to JAK tyrosine kinase
60
Who is TRH?
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Peptide hormone from Hypothalamus Stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin
61
Who is CRH?
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Peptide hormone from Hypothalamus Stimulates secretion of ACTH
62
Who is GnRH?
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Peptide hormone from Hypothalamus Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH
63
Who is SRIF?
Somatostatin or Somatotropin Release-Inhibiting Hormone Peptide hormone from Hypothalamus Inhibits secretion of growth hormone
64
Who is PIF?
Dopamine or Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone Amine hormone from Hypothalamus Inhibits secretion of prolactin
65
Who is GHRH?
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Peptide hormone from Hypothalamus Stimulates secretion of growth hormone
66
Who is TSH?
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Peptide hormone from Anterior Pituitary Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
67
Who is FSH?
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Peptide hormone from Anterior Pituitary - - Stimulates sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testes - - Stimulates follicular development and estrogen synthesis in ovaries.
68
Who is LH?
Luteinizing Hormone Peptide hormone from Anterior Pituitary - - Stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes - - Stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries
69
Who is Growth Hormone?
Peptide hormone from Anterior Pituitary Stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth
70
Who is Prolactin?
Peptide hormone from Anterior Pituitary Stimulates milk production and secretion in breast
71
Who is ACTH?
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Peptide hormone from Anterior Pituitary Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone)
72
Who is MSH?
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Peptide hormone from Anterior Pituitary Stimulates melanin synthesis
73
Who is Oxytocin?
Peptide hormone from Posterior Pituitary Stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions
74
Who is Vasopressin or ADH?
Antidiuretic Hormone Peptide hormone from Posterior Pituitary Stimulates water reabsorption in principal cells of collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles
75
Who is T3 and T4?
Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine Amine hormones from Thyroid ``` Stimulates --- Skeletal growth Oxygen consumption Heat production Protein, fat, and carb utilization Perinatal maturation of the CNS ```
76
Who is Calcitonin?
Peptide hormone from Thyroid Decreases serum Calcium
77
Who is PTH?
Parathyroid Hormone Peptide hormone from Parathyroid Increases serum Calcium
78
Who is Cortisol?
Glucocorticoid Steroid hormone from Adrenal Cortex Stimulates gluconeogenesis Inhibits inflammatory response Suppresses immune response Enhances vascular responsiveness to catecholamines
79
Who is Aldosterone?
Mineralocorticoid Steroid hormone from Adrenal Cortex Increases renal Na+ reabsorption, K+ secretion, and H+ secretion
80
Who is DHEA and Adrenal Androgens?
Dehydroepiandrosterone and Androstenedione Steroid hormones from Adrenal Cortex Stimulates spermatogenesis Stimulates male secondary sex characteristics
81
Who is Testosterone?
Steroid hormone from Testes Stimulates spermatogenesis Stimulates male secondary sex characteristics
82
Who is Estradiol?
Steroid hormone from Ovaries and Corpus Luteum - - Stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system, follicular phase of menstrual cycle, development of breasts, and prolactin secretion - - Maintains pregnancy
83
Who is Progesterone?
Steroid hormone from Ovaries, Corpus Luteum, and Placenta Stimulates luteal phase of menstrual cycle Maintains pregnancy
84
Who is HCG?
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Peptide hormone from Placenta Stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis in Corpus Luteum of early pregnancy
85
Who is hPL or Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin?
Human Placental Lactogen Peptide hormone from Placenta Has growth hormone-like and prolactin-like actions during pregnancy
86
Who is Estriol?
Steroid hormone from Placenta - - Stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system, follicular phase of menstrual cycle, developments of breasts, and prolactin secretion - - Maintains pregnancy ***Same actions as Estradiol
87
Who is Insulin?
Peptide hormone from Beta cells in Pancreas Decreases blood glucose
88
Who is Glucagon?
Peptide hormone from Alpha cells in Pancreas Increases blood glucose
89
Who is Renin?
Peptide hormone from Kidney Catalyzes conversion of Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I
90
Who is 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (Vitamin D)?
Steroid hormone from Kidney Increases intestinal absorption of Calcium Bone mineralization
91
Who is Norepinephrine and Epinephrine?
Amine hormones from Adrenal Medulla Sympathetic nervous system actions
92
What hormones utilize the Tyrosine Kinase mechanism?
Insulin IGF-1 Growth hormone Prolactin
93
What hormones utilize the Phospholipase C mechanism (IP3/DAG)?
``` GnRH TRH GHRH Angiotensin II ADH (V1 receptor) Oxytocin Alpha-1 Receptors ```
94
What hormones utilize the Adenylyl Cyclase mechanism (cAMP)?
``` ACTH LH FSH TSH ADH (V2 receptor) HCG MSH CRH Calcitonin PTH Glucagon Beta-1 and Beta-2 receptors ```
95
What hormones utilize the steroid hormone mechanism?
``` Glucocorticoids Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone Aldosterone Thyroid hormones 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol ```

NE Exam 3 (16 decks)

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