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NE Exam 3 > 8 - Introduction to Endocrine System > Flashcards

8 - Introduction to Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

This type of signaling is when a cell releases a hormone that binds to that same cell, creating a change.

A

Autocrine

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2
Q

This type of signaling is when a cell releases a hormone and it binds to a different cell very nearby, creating a change.

A

Paracrine

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3
Q

This type of signaling is when a cell releases a hormone into the blood stream and it travels to a far away cell to bind, creating a change.

A

Endocrine

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4
Q

This type of signaling is when a neuron releases a hormone into the blood stream and it travels to a far away cell to bind, creating a change.

A

Neuroendocrine

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5
Q

Hormone glands are important for the regulation of multiple organs to meet _______ and _______ demands. They play a major role in homeostasis.

A

Growth

Reproduction

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6
Q

What are the classical endocrine glands?

A 
Hypothalamus
Anterior/Posterior Pituitary 
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal Cortex/Medulla
Gonads
Endocrine Pancreas 
Placenta (transitory organ)
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7
Q

Hormones are synthesized by endocrine cells within organs whose primary function is not endocrine. There are cells in…

A 
Adipose
Heart
Liver
Kidney
GI tract
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8
Q

T/F. Hormones are modified by peripheral conversion (i.e., angiotensin II, Vitamin D).

A

True

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9
Q

What hormones are within the hypothalamus?

A 
TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone) 
CRH (Corticotropin-releasing hormone) 
GnRH (Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone)
GHRH (Growth hormone releasing hormone) 
Somatostatin
Dopamine
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10
Q

What hormones are within the anterior pituitary?

A 
TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) 
FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) 
LH (Luteinizing Hormone) 
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) 
MSH (Melanocyte-stimulating hormone) 
Growth hormone 
Prolactin
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11
Q

What hormones are within the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin

ADH (Antidiuretic hormone, or Vasopressin)

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12
Q

What hormones are within the thyroid?

A

T3
T4
Calcitonin

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13
Q

What hormones are within the parathyroid?

A

PTH (Parathyroid hormone)

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14
Q

What hormones are within the pancreas?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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15
Q

What hormones are within the adrenal medulla?

A

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

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16
Q

What hormones are within the kidney?

A

Renin

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (Calcitriol – Vitamin D)

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17
Q

What hormones are within the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Adrenal androgens

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18
Q

What hormones are within the testes?

A

Testosterone

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19
Q

What hormones are within the ovaries?

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

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20
Q

What hormones are within the corpus luteum?

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

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21
Q

What hormones are within the placenta?

A

HCG
Estriol
Progesterone
hPL

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22
Q

What are the three general classes of hormones?

A

Protein/Peptide hormones
Steroid hormones
Amines

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23
Q

Protein/peptide hormones are stored in vesicles until needed. Polypeptides with greater than 100 AAs are called ________, while polypeptides with less than 100 AAs are called _______. They are water-soluble.

A

Proteins

Peptides

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24
Q

Steroid hormones are synthesized from _________. They are lipid-soluble and not stored in vesicles.

A

Cholesterol

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25
Q

Amine hormones are derived from…

A

Tyrosine

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26
Q

Protein/peptide hormones are synthesized in ribosomes as non-functional __________. They are then modified in the ER to _________. From there they go to the golgi where proteolytic enzymes cleave to form the functional hormone. It is then packaged into vesicles.

A

Preprohormones

Prohormones

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27
Q

An endocrine cell stimulus causes the release of the protein/peptide hormones from their secretory vesicles. What are examples of these stimuli?

A

Increased intracellular calcium

Increased cAMP and PKA activation

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28
Q

What are examples of steroid hormones?

A 
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Estradiol
Estriol
Progesterone
Testosterone
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
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29
Q

Steroid hormones are derivatives of cholesterol. Modifications are made via addition or removal of side chains, __________ or aromatization of the steroid nucleus.

A

Hydroxylation

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30
Q

Where are steroid hormones synthesized and secreted from?

A

Adrenal cortex
Gonads
Corpus luteum
Placenta

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31
Q

What are the two groups of amine hormones?

A

Catecholamines

Thyroid hormones

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32
Q

These amine hormones are synthesized in the cytosol and secretory granules. They act through cell-membrane associated receptors.

A

Catecholamines

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33
Q

Thyroid hormones are synthesized by the thyroid gland and stored as __________ in follicles within the gland. They cross cell membranes and act through nuclear receptors.

A

Thyroglobulin

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34
Q

Which hormone groups have the greatest plasma half-life from longest to shortest?

A

Thyroid hormones
Steroid hormones
Protein/Peptide hormones

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35
Q

Neuronal input to an endocrine cell increases or decreases hormonal secretion. What is an example of this?

A

Sympathetic preganglionic innervation of the adrenal medulla – when stimulated it causes the release of catecholamines into the circulation

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36
Q

What are the two mechanisms for regulation of hormone secretion?

A

Neural Mechanism

Feedback Mechanisms

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37
Q

Feedback mechanisms are more common than neural mechanisms. Some element of the pathway feeds back, directly or indirectly, on the endocrine gland to change secretion rate. There is both ________ and ________ feedback.

A

Positive

Negative

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38
Q

Explain positive endocrine feedback, and give an example of it.

A

Some feature of hormone action causes additional secretion of the hormone. It is uncommon in biologic systems, and leads to an explosive event when it occurs.

Examples are ovulation (estradiol) and labor contractions.

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39
Q

Explain negative endocrine feedback.

A

Predominant mode of feedback loop among endocrine glands. Some feature of hormone action inhibits further secretion of the hormone. Confer stability by keeping a physiological parameter (i.e., blood glucose level) within a normal range.

40
Q

This type of negative feedback occurs when a hormone is released from a 3rd tier (peripheral endocrine gland) and feeds back all the way to the 1st (hypothalamus) and 2nd (pituitary) tiers.

A

Long-Loop feedback

41
Q

This type of negative feedback occurs when the hormone secreted from the 2nd tier (pituitary) feeds back to the 1st tier (hypothalamus).

A

Short-Loop feedback

42
Q

This type of negative feedback occurs when the gland inhibits its own secretion.

A

Ultra Short-Loop feedback

43
Q

Descending and ascending neuronal inputs modulate hormonal secretion from the hypothalamus. The major inputs are…

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Pineal Gland
Physiological stresses

44
Q

This neuronal input to the hypothalamus imposes a circadian rhythm on the secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones and endocrine axes.

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

45
Q

This neuronal input to the hypothalamus releases melatonin which feedbacks to the SCN information about day-night.

A

Pineal Gland

46
Q

What confers specificity to the hormone actions?

A

Receptors

47
Q

Responsiveness of target tissue is expressed in dose-response relationship. The responsiveness can be changed in two ways, which are…

A

Changing the number of receptors

Changing the affinity of the receptors for the hormone

48
Q

This is the term for the increase of number of receptors or sensitive of target tissue when hormone levels are low.

A

Up-regulation

49
Q

What are the three ways up-regulation occurs?

A

Increase the synthesis of new receptors
Decrease the degradation of existing receptors
Activating receptors

50
Q

This is the term for the reduction in receptor numbers or sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are high (chronic).

A

Down-regulation

51
Q

What are the three ways down-regulation can occur?

A

Decrease in receptor synthesis
Increased degradation of existing receptors
Inactivating/desensitizing receptors

52
Q

Describe the signal transduction pathway for the following 1st messenger hormones: ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, and glucagon.

A 
1st messenger hormone -- 
Receptor -- 
G-protein Activated -- 
Primary effector: Adenylyl Cyclase -- 
2nd messenger: cAMP -- 
Secondary effector: Protein Kinase A (PKA) --
Phosphorylation of proteins --
Physiologic actions
53
Q

Describe the signal transduction pathway for the following 1st messenger hormones: GnRH, TRH, oxytocin.

A 
1st messenger hormone -- 
Receptor --
G-protein Activated --
Primary effector: Phospholipase C -- 
PIP2 divided into DAG and IP3 -- 
IP3 causes increased Calcium release from ER or SR -- 
Increased Calcium causes DAG to make increased PKC --
Secondary effector: PKC or Calmodulin --
Physiologic actions
54
Q

Put the following steps in order for the steroid hormone mechanism of action:

A. Translation produces new proteins for cell processes.

B. The receptor-hormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes.

C. Some steroid hormones also bind to membrane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses.

D. Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell.

E. Activated genes create new mRNA that moves back to the cytoplasm.

F. Steroid hormone receptors are in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

A

1) D.
2) F.
3) B.
4) E.
5) A.
6) C.

55
Q

Guanylyl cyclase activation converts _______ to _______.

A

GTP

cGMP

56
Q

cGMP goes on to activate cGMP kinases (like ANP) and this results in the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle via ______ ______.

A

Nitric Oxide (NO)

***Remember Viagra!

57
Q

There are two categories of tyrosine kinases, which are…

A

Receptor tyrosine kinases

Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors

58
Q

T/F. Receptor tyrosine kinases have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. When activated, tyrosine kinase phosphorylated downstream proteins.

A

True

***The tyrosine kinase is part of the receptor!

59
Q

Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors are non-covalently bound to proteins that have kinase activity. When activated, the kinase phosphorylates downstream proteins. What is an example of this type of receptor?

A

Receptors bound to JAK tyrosine kinase

60
Q

Who is TRH?

A

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

Peptide hormone from Hypothalamus

Stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin

61
Q

Who is CRH?

A

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

Peptide hormone from Hypothalamus

Stimulates secretion of ACTH

62
Q

Who is GnRH?

A

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Peptide hormone from Hypothalamus

Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

63
Q

Who is SRIF?

A

Somatostatin or Somatotropin Release-Inhibiting Hormone

Peptide hormone from Hypothalamus

Inhibits secretion of growth hormone

64
Q

Who is PIF?

A

Dopamine or Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone

Amine hormone from Hypothalamus

Inhibits secretion of prolactin

65
Q

Who is GHRH?

A

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone

Peptide hormone from Hypothalamus

Stimulates secretion of growth hormone

66
Q

Who is TSH?

A

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

Peptide hormone from Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

67
Q

Who is FSH?

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

Peptide hormone from Anterior Pituitary

    • Stimulates sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testes
    • Stimulates follicular development and estrogen synthesis in ovaries.
68
Q

Who is LH?

A

Luteinizing Hormone

Peptide hormone from Anterior Pituitary

    • Stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes
    • Stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries
69
Q

Who is Growth Hormone?

A

Peptide hormone from Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth

70
Q

Who is Prolactin?

A

Peptide hormone from Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates milk production and secretion in breast

71
Q

Who is ACTH?

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Peptide hormone from Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone)

72
Q

Who is MSH?

A

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone

Peptide hormone from Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates melanin synthesis

73
Q

Who is Oxytocin?

A

Peptide hormone from Posterior Pituitary

Stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions

74
Q

Who is Vasopressin or ADH?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

Peptide hormone from Posterior Pituitary

Stimulates water reabsorption in principal cells of collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles

75
Q

Who is T3 and T4?

A

Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine

Amine hormones from Thyroid

Stimulates ---
Skeletal growth
Oxygen consumption
Heat production
Protein, fat, and carb utilization
Perinatal maturation of the CNS
76
Q

Who is Calcitonin?

A

Peptide hormone from Thyroid

Decreases serum Calcium

77
Q

Who is PTH?

A

Parathyroid Hormone

Peptide hormone from Parathyroid

Increases serum Calcium

78
Q

Who is Cortisol?

A

Glucocorticoid

Steroid hormone from Adrenal Cortex

Stimulates gluconeogenesis
Inhibits inflammatory response
Suppresses immune response
Enhances vascular responsiveness to catecholamines

79
Q

Who is Aldosterone?

A

Mineralocorticoid

Steroid hormone from Adrenal Cortex

Increases renal Na+ reabsorption, K+ secretion, and H+ secretion

80
Q

Who is DHEA and Adrenal Androgens?

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone and Androstenedione

Steroid hormones from Adrenal Cortex

Stimulates spermatogenesis
Stimulates male secondary sex characteristics

81
Q

Who is Testosterone?

A

Steroid hormone from Testes

Stimulates spermatogenesis
Stimulates male secondary sex characteristics

82
Q

Who is Estradiol?

A

Steroid hormone from Ovaries and Corpus Luteum

    • Stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system, follicular phase of menstrual cycle, development of breasts, and prolactin secretion
    • Maintains pregnancy
83
Q

Who is Progesterone?

A

Steroid hormone from Ovaries, Corpus Luteum, and Placenta

Stimulates luteal phase of menstrual cycle
Maintains pregnancy

84
Q

Who is HCG?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Peptide hormone from Placenta

Stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis in Corpus Luteum of early pregnancy

85
Q

Who is hPL or Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin?

A

Human Placental Lactogen

Peptide hormone from Placenta

Has growth hormone-like and prolactin-like actions during pregnancy

86
Q

Who is Estriol?

A

Steroid hormone from Placenta

    • Stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system, follicular phase of menstrual cycle, developments of breasts, and prolactin secretion
    • Maintains pregnancy

***Same actions as Estradiol

87
Q

Who is Insulin?

A

Peptide hormone from Beta cells in Pancreas

Decreases blood glucose

88
Q

Who is Glucagon?

A

Peptide hormone from Alpha cells in Pancreas

Increases blood glucose

89
Q

Who is Renin?

A

Peptide hormone from Kidney

Catalyzes conversion of Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I

90
Q

Who is 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (Vitamin D)?

A

Steroid hormone from Kidney

Increases intestinal absorption of Calcium
Bone mineralization

91
Q

Who is Norepinephrine and Epinephrine?

A

Amine hormones from Adrenal Medulla

Sympathetic nervous system actions

92
Q

What hormones utilize the Tyrosine Kinase mechanism?

A

Insulin
IGF-1
Growth hormone
Prolactin

93
Q

What hormones utilize the Phospholipase C mechanism (IP3/DAG)?

A 
GnRH
TRH
GHRH
Angiotensin II
ADH (V1 receptor)
Oxytocin 
Alpha-1 Receptors
94
Q

What hormones utilize the Adenylyl Cyclase mechanism (cAMP)?

A 
ACTH
LH
FSH
TSH
ADH (V2 receptor)
HCG
MSH
CRH
Calcitonin
PTH
Glucagon
Beta-1 and Beta-2 receptors
95
Q

What hormones utilize the steroid hormone mechanism?

A 
Glucocorticoids
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Aldosterone
Thyroid hormones 
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

NE Exam 3 (16 decks)

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