Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NE Exam 3 > 5 - Learning & Memory > Flashcards

5 - Learning & Memory Flashcards

1
Q

This is the term for the acquisition of new information (facts).

A

Learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

This is the term for retention of new information.

A

Memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

This type of memory is used for skills and habits that have been used so much they are automatic (i.e., riding a bike).

A

Procedural memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the anatomic substrates used for procedural memory?

A

Cerebellum – motor skills

Nucleus Accumbens – non-motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are other names for procedural memory?

A

Implicit memory
Non-declarative memory
Reflexive memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

This type of memory is the conscious recognition/recollection of learned facts and experiences.

A

Declarative memory (also called Explicit memory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Declarative (Explicit) memory is subdivided into two forms, which are…

A

Episodic – memory of events

Semantic – memory of words, language, and rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Declarative and Procedural memory are coded for using distinct anatomical substrates, but the _________ is not very different.

A

Physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is anatomic substrate used for Declarative (Explicit) memory?

A

Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

We can also classify memory based on its duration, what are these different classifications?

A

Short-term memory – seconds to hours

Long-term memory – years

Working memory – recalling a fact/memory for use (may be a subset of short-term memory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The production of memory and learning requires the induction of…

A

Neuronal and synaptic plasticity

***Have to physically change the neurons to make memories and learn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

This term refers to alterations in the CNS based on use.

A

Plasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In CNS plasticity, it may be the ________ function that’s altered or there may be changes in the physical structure of the _______ (i.e., more synapses or new branches to new cells).

A

Synaptic

Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In CNS plasticity, it has many forms. To change synaptic functioning, it is either _______ _______ or _______ _______. To change the structure of neurons, there can be a _______ of synapses, structural changes in ________, or structural changes in the ________ of the neuron.

A 
Post-tetanic potentiation 
Long-term potentiation (LTP) 
Gain/loss
Dendrites 
Soma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe how post-tetanic stimulation works (a type of change in synaptic functioning).

A

– Brief, high-frequency discharge of presynaptic neuron allows more calcium to enter the terminal than can be “dealt” with

– With more calcium, more vesicles fuse which produces an increase in NT release that lasts about 60 seconds

– This increases the probability of action potentials in post-synaptic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

This is the term for a series of changes in the pre- and post-synaptic neurons of a synapse which leads to increased response to the released neurotransmitter. Lasts for hours.

A

Long-term Potentiation (LTP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

LTP usually follows a (STRONG/WEAK) stimulation.

A

Strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

For neuronal plasticity, it can also be associated with gene transcription related to increased _______. This occurs in both the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic cells. The proteins produced include NT synthetic enzymes, NT receptors, and proteins required for growth/synapse formation.

A

CREB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Learning and the formation of new memories can be blocked by blocking ________ synthesis.

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

This can create a change in synapse structure (permanent) and create new synapses via protein synthesis.

A

CREB

***Works for both LTP and neuronal plasticity!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Creating Declarative (Explicit) memories is a 4-step process. These steps are…

A

1) Encoding
2) Storage of the information
3) Consolidation
4) Retrieval

22
Q

This step in creating Declarative (Explicit) memory is attending to new information (focus or attention) and linking it to previous memories. Emotion is an important component.

A

Step 1 - Encoding

23
Q

This step in creating Declarative (Explicit) memory is the retention of information over time. Short-term memory plays a big role in this (long-term memory not quite so important in this instance).

A

Step 2 - Storage of the information

24
Q

What anatomical substrates are needed for short-term memory?

A

Hippocampus
Parahippocampal Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex

25
Q

In short-term memory, anatomically it also requires interconnections to the neocortex and amygdala via the…

A

Nucleus basalis of Meynert

***This is a cholinergic projection that is a particular target of Alzheimer’s disease!

26
Q

For short-term memory, its physiological substrate is _______ because we want to produce changes that will last hours not seconds.

A

LTP

***LTP is making changes in the anatomical substrates of short-term memory!

27
Q

This type of memory is our temporary storehouse for memory.

A

Short-term memory

28
Q

In creating Declarative (Explicit) memories, step 2 is storage of the information. This is just a temporary storage and requires what?

A

Hippocampus
Parahippocampal Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex
LTP – By having this type of plasticity done in the areas above, it allows us to store the information

***Remember, these are all components of short-term memory!

29
Q

This step in creating Declarative (Explicit) memory is the process of making a memory permanent. It involves physical changes in synaptic structure (LTP). We’re changing short-term memory into long-term memory here.

A

Step 3 - Consolidation

30
Q

Consolidating memory from short- to long-term requires what anatomical substrates?

A

Hippocampus
Temporal lobes
Papez circuit

31
Q

For consolidation, the “memory” is repeatedly sent through the Papez circuit, thus setting up the conditions required to induce LTP and neuronal plasticity because of its strong repeated activation/stimulation. Describe the Papez circuit.

A

Neurons fire over and over because they synapse together to the following in a continuous circuit —

Hypothalamus/Mammillary bodies
Anterior Thalamus
Cingulate Cortex
Hippocampus

32
Q

For consolidation, due to the Papez circuit and the plasticity making changes to the cortex, etc., eventually the _______ _______ is not required for access to the memory.

A

Limbic system

33
Q

It appears that long-term memories are stored in the area of cortex related to the modality of the individual components. This means the visual components are stored in the _______ _______, auditory in the ________ _______, etc.

A

Visual cortex
Auditory cortex

***For example, say I have a memory of watching a basketball game. The memory of the sounds I heard during the game will be stored in my auditory cortex, and the players and things I saw will be stored in my visual cortex. The memory is broken down.

34
Q

This step of creating Declarative (Explicit) memory is recalling or using the memory and bringing it into working memory. It can be modified or lost at this point.

A

Step 4 - Retrieval

35
Q

For memory retrieval, long-term memory is basically “reassembling” the memory. What anatomical substrates are required for this?

A

Neocortex
Parahippocampal regions
Hippocampus

36
Q

In the memory retrieval, information related to each component of the memory is sent to the ________ _______. From here, those components are sent to the ________ where the entire memory is “reconstructed”. Information then travels back through the _________ to the cortex.

A

Parahippocampal regions
Hippocampus
Parahippocampus

***Remember, the different “components” of the memory started out in different portions of the cortex (i.e., visual cortex, auditory cortex, etc.)

37
Q

This is important in prolonging the life of the cortical “trace” of the memory.

A

Parahippocampus

38
Q

Working memory is the use of the retrieved memories, and it has a three-component model which is…

A

Central Executive
Phonological Loop
Visuospatial Loop

39
Q

What are the locations for the three-component model of working memory?

A

Central Executive – Prefrontal cortex

Phonological Loop – Broca’s and Wernicke’s

Visuospatial Loop – Occipital Cortex associated with vision

40
Q

Describe the three-component model of working memory.

A

Central Executive is the main component which directs the other two. It tells them “we need to remember this thing” and they do.

Phonological Loop is what provides/interprets the auditory information associated with the memory.

Visuospatial Loop is what provides/interprets the visual information associated with the memory.

41
Q

This type of memory is a special case and is unlike other long-term memories. It provides a detailed memory of space.

A

Spatial memory

42
Q

For spatial memory, a detailed memory of space is stored in the _________ using special pyramidal cells in CA1 known as _______ cells. It appears that this spatial map serves as an “anchor” for the reconstruction of memory.

A

Hippocampus

Place

43
Q

________ cells are neurons that are active only at specific places (and one newly discovered type is especially strongly activated if you got a reward in that place).

A

Place

44
Q

What inputs do place cells (neurons) receive?

A

Grid cells
Head direction cells
Border neurons

45
Q

Explain what grid cells are (give input to place cells).

A

Grid cells are found in the Entorhinal cortex and are active when exploring an area (you have to be in the area for them to be active). They create a grid of the area (triangular or hexagonal).

46
Q

What are head direction cells?

A

They give input to place cells by telling which direction your head was pointing to see/explore that particular area.

47
Q

What are border cells?

A

They input to place cells by firing when you’re near a border (wall, etc.)

48
Q

For spatial memory, a special map in the __________ codes for the physical space of the memory. _______ neurons in CA1 respond to specific locations within the space (i.e., a window, door, etc.). This map is believed to anchor the entire memory.

A

Hippocampus

Place

49
Q

Explain the pathway that EAA uses to get Ca++ into the cell.

A

EAA binds to Non-NMDA receptor and NMDA receptor. The EAA bound to the Non-NMDA causes an influx of Na+. This causes a depolarization that forces Mg++ out of the NMDA receptor, allowing an influx of Ca++.

50
Q

For LTP, explain how changes are made in the pre-synaptic neuron.

A

NMDA allows an influx of Ca++ (secondary messenger). Calcium will react with Calcineurin, which leads to the activation of Nitric Oxide Synthase. This enzyme will then produce Nitric Oxide (NO), which is lipid-soluble and can diffuse back into the pre-synaptic cell. The NO creates an increase of cGMP, resulting in an increase of NT release (higher release than normal).

51
Q

For LTP, explain how changes are made in the post-synaptic neuron.

A

NMDA allows an influx of Ca++ (secondary messenger). Calcium will react with Calmodulin, which leads to an increase in Adenylyl Cyclase and ultimately cAMP. cAMP activates the phosphorylation of the AMPA (Non-NMDA) receptor. When phosphorylated, more Na+ comes into the cell (via the AMPA receptor) than normally would without phosphorylation. This results in a bigger post-synaptic response!

52
Q

LTP is also associated with gene transcription related to increased _________. This increase is a result of increased cAMP (from Ca++ influx via NMDA receptor). This gene transcription leads to alterations of synapses structure and function.

A

CREB

***Remember, CREB is associated with LTP as well as neuronal plasticity!

NE Exam 3 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions