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Introduction to Pharmacology > Drugs to treat Bacterial Infections > Flashcards

Drugs to treat Bacterial Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are bactericidal antibiotics?

A

Drugs that kill the bacteria

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2
Q

What are bacteriostatic antibiotics?

A

Drugs that inhibit growth of bacteria

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3
Q

How can antibiotics be classified?

A

Mode of action
Spectrum of activity
Mechanism

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4
Q

Describe how beta lactams inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

It inhibits the transpeptidases which form the oligopeptide cross links between the glycan chains

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5
Q

Give examples of penicillins

A 
Benzylpenicillin
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
Carbenicillin
Flucoxacillin
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6
Q

What are properties of penicillins?

A

Lipid insoluble

Short half life

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7
Q

What are side effects of beta lactams?

A

Anaphylaxis

GI tract disturbances

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8
Q

What do penicillins treat?

A

Bacterial meningitis
Pneumonia
Skin infections
UTIs

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9
Q

What are properties of cephalosporins?

A

Lipid soluble

Short half life

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10
Q

What are cephalosporins used to treat?

A

Septicaemia
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Biliary tract infections

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11
Q

What causes beta lactam resistance?

A

The bacteria produce beta-lactamase to break the beta lactam ring

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12
Q

How can beta lactam resistance be overcome?

A

Modifying the ring or administering with beta lactam inhibitors

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13
Q

What drugs are not affected by beta lactamase?

A

Flucloxacillin
Carbapenem
Monobactam

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14
Q

Which drugs besides beta lactams inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

Bacitracin
Vancomycin
Cycloserine

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of sulphonamide?

A

Inhibits dihydropterate synthase in folic acid production to prevent synthesis of purines

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16
Q

Sulphonamides: route of administration, side effects and uses

A

Oral
Nausea, vomiting, hepatitis, rashes
Infected burns, IBD, chlamydia

17
Q

What is the mechanism of trimethoprim?

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase in folic acid production to prevent synthesis of purines

18
Q

Trimethoprim: route of administration, side effects and uses

A

Oral
Nausea, vomiting, rashes, blood disorders, folate deficiency
UTI and respiratory infections

19
Q

What is the mechanism of tetracyclines?

A

Competes with aminoacyl tRNA for the A binding site on ribosomes

20
Q

Tetracyclines: route of administration, side effects and uses

A

Oral or parenteral
GI irritation, teeth staining, toxicity to liver, kidneys & bone marrow
Rickettial and chlamydial infections

21
Q

What is the mechanism of chloramphenicol?

A

Blocks peptidyl transferase

22
Q

Chloramphenicol: route of administration, side effects and uses

A

Oral
Bone marrow depression, vomiting, diarrhoea, grey colouring
Penicillin resistant meningitis, conjunctivitis

23
Q

What is the mechanism of aminoglycosides?

A

Causes abnormal codon to anti-codon recognition

24
Q

Aminoglycosides: route of administration, side effects and uses

A

IV or IM
Ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity
Serious aerobic gram negative bacilli infections

25
Q

What is the mechanism of macrolides?

A

Inhibits tRNA translocation

26
Q

Macrolides: route of administration and uses

A

Oral

Treating penicillin sensitive patients

27
Q

What is the mechanism of quinolones?

A

Act on topoisomerases to interfere with DNA coiling

28
Q

Quinolones: route of administration, side effects and uses

A

Oral
GI tract disturbances, hypersensitivity
UTIs, respiratory infections

29
Q

What is the mechanism of rifampicin?

A

Inhibits RNA polymerase

30
Q

Rifampicin: route of administration, side effects and uses

A

Oral
Skin eruptions, fever, GI disturbances, hepatotoxicity
Tuberculosis and leprosy

31
Q

Describe how drugs become resistant to chlorampenicol

A

Enzymes produced to acetylate the drug

32
Q

Describe how drugs become resistant to aminoglycosides

A

Enzymes produced to acetylate, phosphorylate or adenylate the drug

33
Q

Describe how drugs become resistant to erythromycin

A

Methylates rRNA to prevent binding of the antibiotic

34
Q

Describe how drugs become resistant to tetracycline

A

Produces a membrane transporter

35
Q

Describe how drugs become resistant to trimethoprim

A

Creates a mutant dihydrofolate reductase

Introduction to Pharmacology (12 decks)

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