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Pharm Exam > Drugs of Abuse > Flashcards

Drugs of Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

What are abused substances?

A

Substances taken repeatedly that interfere with daily life / wellbeing

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2
Q

What are the main classes of abused drugs (5)

A

Sedatives
Opioids
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Cannabinoids

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3
Q

What do most addictive substances have in common?

A

They increase dopamine in the limbic system

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4
Q

What are the psychological components of drug dependency?

A

Drug seeking behavior

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5
Q

What are the physiological effects of drug dependency

A

Quitting produces symptoms opposite of sought-after effects (withdrawal)

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6
Q

What percentage of Canadians consume alcohol and what % are high-risk drinkers?

A

76% have drank in the past year

44% are high risk

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7
Q

What % of Canadians use cannabis?

A

21%

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8
Q

Cannabis and alcohol use is higher in ____ than _____

A

Higher usage of alcohol and weed in men

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9
Q

What are the 3 steps to the therapeutic approach to drug abuse?

A
  1. tread the acute overdose
  2. Manage the withdrawal symptoms
  3. Long-term rehabilitation
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10
Q

Sedatives include drugs such as… (3)

A

Ethanol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of sedative withdrawl?

A

Tremors, anxiety, vomiting, sweating, perceptual distortion

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12
Q

Withdrawal often occurs from which 2 sedative types?

A

Ethanol and barbituates

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13
Q

How do doctors manage sedative withdrawal symptoms?

A

Clonidine - helps with autonomic withdrawal symptoms

Benzodiazepines - helps with ethanol withdrawal

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14
Q

You can develop a tolerance to sedatives but not their…

A

Cant become tolerant to sedative respiratory depressant effects

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15
Q

What causes alcohol tolerance?

A

The Microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) plays a role in ethanol metabolism

Ethanol -> acetaldehyde

Chronic alcohol use increases the rate that MEOS can breakdown ethanol requiring more alcohol in system for desired effects

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16
Q

What are opioids?

A

Drugs that offer a rush followed by a euphoric feeling and then sleepiness.

All come from the opium poppy

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17
Q

What are examples of opioids?

A

Morphine and heroin

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of opioids?

A

They interact with the opioid receptor (mu) which is linked to G-protein

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19
Q

What is the presynaptic effect of opioids?

A

They reduce presynaptic Ca+2

This reduces neurotransmitter release

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20
Q

What is the postsynaptic effect of opioids?

A

They increase potassium levels

This inhibits postsynaptic neurons

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21
Q

Tolerance of opioids is often built through…

A

pharmacokinetic changes and pharmacodynamic changes to the user

ex. increased metabolism and receptor sensitivity

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22
Q

Opioids are more addictive when taken…

A

for recreational use over analgesic use

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23
Q

The effects of heroin last ___ meaning…

A

heroin lasts 3-5 hours meaning several doses are needed to prevent withdrawals

24
Q

Heroin comes in many formulations, this is dangerous because…

A

Different forms have different potencies (overdose risk is high)

25
Q

What are the 3 methods of administering heroin?

A

Inhalation

Sub-cutaneous

IV

26
Q

What are the symptoms of heroin overdose? (3)

A

Respiratory depression

Coma

Death

27
Q

What is an opioid receptor antagonist?

A

Naloxone

28
Q

What are some medications used as opioid detoxifiers?

A

Methadone - an oral long-acting mu antagonist

Clonidine - helps with autonomic symptoms of withdrawal

29
Q

What are some examples of stimulants?

A

Amphetamine and cocaine

30
Q

Stimulants are ____ addictive and very _____

A

Stimulants are highly addictive and very dangerous

31
Q

Amphetamines ____ the release of dopamine, serotonin and NE

A

Amphetamines increase the release of dopamine serotonin and NE

32
Q

Cocaine reduces the ____ of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

A

Cocaine reduces the reuptake of NE, Dopamine, and serotonin

33
Q

How is tolerance for stimulants developed?

A

Likely due to dopamine receptor sensitivity

34
Q

What are the desired effects of stimulants?

A

Alertness and euphoria

35
Q

What are the adverse effects of stimulants?

A

Psychosis, delusions, excess sympathomimetic activity

36
Q

What are the overdose effects of stimulants

A

Intracranial hemorrhage, seizures, arrhythmia, heart attack, hyperthermia, coma and death

37
Q

Amphetamines are _____ than cocaine

A

often less commonly fatal

38
Q

What are 2 commonly abused hallucinogens?

A

LSD and PCP

39
Q

What is the technical term for LSD?

A

Lysergic acid diethylamide

40
Q

What is the technical term for PCP

A

phencyclidine

41
Q

What is the method of action for LSD?

A

Agonist for several 5-HT receptors

most are partial or complete agonists of 5-HT2a receptor

42
Q

What is the method of action of PCP?

A

It is an NMDA receptor antagonist

43
Q

Is there tolerance and dependency with hallucinogens?

A

Tolerance is very short term and dependency is very rare

44
Q

What are the desired effects of hallucinogens

A

Visual illusions and perceptual distortions

45
Q

What are the adverse effects of hallucinogens?

A

Panic attacks, psychosis, flash-backs, SNS symptoms

46
Q

Is it possible to overdose on LSD?

A

the therapeutic index is very large so it would be really hard to

47
Q

Is it possible to overdose on PCP?

A

yes, possible and easy due to its low therapeutic index

48
Q

What are 2 common names for cannabinoids?

A

Marijuana and hashish

49
Q

What is the psychoactive component of cannabinoids?

A

THC “tetrahydrocannabinol”

50
Q

What is the method of action for cannabinoids?

A

Cannabinoid receptors -> linked to Gprotein -> inhibit GABA or glutamate release

51
Q

What are the 2 cannabinoid receptors?

A

CB1 - Central nervous system

CB2 - Peripheral nervous system

52
Q

What are the initial effects of cannabinoid use?

A

Initial effects: euphoria, laughter, altered sense of time

53
Q

What are the secondary effects of cannabinoids?

A

Relaxation, introspection, sleepiness

54
Q

What are some of the “negative” effects of cannabinoids?

A

Impaired cognition, impaired reaction time potential paranoia, anxiety, and hallucinations

55
Q

What are the negative results of cannabinoid use?

A

Bronchitis and lung cancer

56
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of marijuana?

A

Decreased pain, nausea, and vomiting in cancer patients

Increased appetite in aids patients

Pharm Exam (11 decks)

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