Drugs names Flashcards
- asone
- sonide
Corticosteroids . Beclomethasone . Fluticasone . Mometasone . Prednisolone (h/a) . Budesonide . Ciclesonide
Used for:
. Asthma (“brown”)
. Cluster headaches
. Inflam. Bowel Disease (rectal/oral)
Interactions:
. Anti-epileptic drugs (CS effect decreased)
caution/care:
. Liver disease (cause fluid overload)
.
ceph-, cef-
Cephalosporin antibiotic, broad spectrum
. cefotaxime
.ceftriaxone
Similar to penicillin
Used for:
Septicaemia, pneumonia, meningitis, peritonitis, UTIs
Side effects:
Allergies (m/c)
cort-
corticosteroids
-cycline
tetracycline antibiotic
. Doxycycline
Used for:
. Acne
. gums (chlamydia)
. anti-malarial
Side effects:
. bone and teeth discolouration
Care:
. not for < 8 yo
-cillin
beta-lactams . penicillin . amoxicillin . ampicillin . flucloxacillin . benzylpenicillin (IV, IM) Oral
Used for:
. Resp and Skin infections
. Incl. sepsis, meningitis, H. Pylori
Caution:
. Bacteria resistance -> clavulanic acid
Interactions:
. Contraceptive pill
Side effects:
. Allergies 10%
. Diarrhoea frequent
. Anaphylaxis 0.05%
-dazole
anaerobic and protozoal infections
. Metronidazole
action:
disrupts DNA
used for: . leg ulcers . bowel infections: . H. Pylori eradication . giardiasis
Interactions:
. Alcohol (severe)
flushing, h/a, dizziness, N/V, breathlessness, palpitations, arryhtmias
Caution:
avoid alcohol for 48 hours
-dipine
Calcium channel blockers
. amlodipine
. nifedipine
. nimodipine
Used for:
. angina (arterioles)
. hypertension
Actions:
. heart muscle (relaxes)
. heart conductive pathway (slows)
. vessels smooth muscle relaxation
Side-effects: . hypotension . dizziness . bradycardia . h/a . oedema
- eprazole
- oprazole
PPIs . Omeprazole . Lansoprazole . Pantoprazole . Rabeprazole . Esomeprazole
Action: block H+ pump of parietal cells
Used for: . GORD . Dyspepsia . Ulcer disease (prevention, treatment)
Side-effects:
generally well tolerated (better than H2RAs)
diarrhoea, skin rash, h/a
-fenac
NSAIDS
. bromfenac
. diclofenac
Used for:
. Inflammation
. Migraine
.
interactions: . anticoagulants (inc) . aspirin (inc) . Lithium (toxicity) . SSRIs (bleeding)
Avoid/Caution:
. Liver disease (reduced clotting ability)
. Kidney disease (hyperK, fluid retention)
. Hx gastric ulcer
. pregnancy (3rd trim: risk of closure of foetal ductus arteriosus)
. Elderly, when taken with SSRIs (bleeding)
=> use paracetamol
=> take with food
=> take with PPIs/H2RAs
=> test for H. Pylori if gastric ulcer
side effects:
. gastritis and gastric ulcers
. bleeding
. renal impairment (long-term use)
-mycin
Macrolides - Antibiotic NB! (exam) Used if allergic to penicillin . Erythromycin . Clarithromycin . Azithromycin
Action: on bacterial ribosomes
-olol
Beta Blockers
(beta-adrenoreceptors antagonists)
. Atenolol (beta1)
. Propranolol (beta2)
Used for: . angina . MI . Arrythmias . HF . HT . Anxiety . tremor . migraine (pro-)
Caution:
. Asthma (may block bronchodilation)
Side effects:
Cold extremities
-olone
corticosteroids
. Prednisolone (cluster h/a)
-onide
Corticosteroids
. Budesonide
. Ciclesonide
Used for Asthma
- parin-
- parin
anticoagulants
. heparin (hospitals)
-phylline
Bronchodilator
. Theophylline
Used for:
. COPD
. Add-on for asthma
Side effects:
. GI disturbances
. Toxocity (narrow TW)
-pramine
Tricyclic AD (TCAs) less tolerated than SSRIs, but similar in effectiveness . Imipramine . Clomipramine (other names: -triptyline)
caution:
. toxicity, fatality
. bleeding if taken with NSAIDs (esp. elderly)
. driving (sedation)
side effects: . drowsiness . sedation (driving!) . dry mouth . palpitations . urine retention/oedema . agitation ...
pred-
-pred-
corticosteroids
. prednisone
. prednisolone (cluster h/a)
-pril
ACE inhibitors . ramipril . Captopril . Enalapril . Lisinopril
Used for:
. peripheral oedema (HF)
. HT (1st line < 55 yo)
side effects: . COUGH (ARBs: no cough) . hypotension . dizziness . hyperK+ (muscle weakness, arrythmias)
-profen
NSAIDs
. ibuprofen
. flubiprofen
Caution: . pregnancy (3rd trim) . elderly if taking SSRIs or TCAs (bleeding) . anticoagulants (inc) . Hx of gastric ulcer or GIT bleeding . Lithium (toxicity) . Liver and Kidney disease
-semide
Loop diuretics/Water pills
(stronger diuretics)
. Frusemide
Used for:
. Oedema (HF)
. HT
Side effects
. urinary incontinence, urgency, frequency
. erection dysfunction (males)
Caution:
. HypoK+ (spasms, agitation, tremor) => avoid non-K sparing diuretics
Interactions:
. Digoxin (toxicity)
-setron
Antiemetic
(5-HT3 R antagonists)
. Ondansetron
Used for:
. nausea, vomiting
-statin
Cholesterol control
Interactions:
. grapefruit juice and simvastatin (inc)
. verapimil for HT and simvastatin
. St John’s wort
-terol
beta2-adrenogernic agonists - LABAs (Bronchodilation)
Inhalers
. fenoterol
Action:
. Sympathetic facilitation in bronchii
Used for:
. Acute asthma attacks
. Rev COPD symptoms
Side effects:
. hypoK+ (tremor, spasms, agitation)
Interactions: uncommon because inhaled . tachycardia (HT, HF) . vasodilation (Hypotension) . hyperglycaemia (DM) . tremor
-azide
thiazide diuretics/water pills
. bendrofluazide
Used for:
. HF
. Oedema
Side effects: . Gout (increases uric acid) . urinary incontinence, urgency, frequency . erection dysfunction (males)
Caution:
. HypoK+ (spasms, agitation, tremor) => avoid non-K sparing diuretics
-triptan
Serotonin agaonists
. sumatriptan
(oral, nasal, subcutaneous)
Used for:
. migraines
Side effects:
. neurological symptoms
. serotonin syndrome (overdose)
interactions:
. SSRIs (inc.)
. St JW (inc.)
-tyline
TCAs: Tricyclic ADs
. Amitriptyline
. Nortriptyline
(other TCAs: -amine)
Action:
Noradrenaline and Serotonin
Used for:
. Severe depression (insomnia, agitation)
. Neurogenic pain (low doses)
. Migraine (prevention)
Interactions:
. Lithium (toxic)
. St JW (inc.)
Side effects: . drowsiness . sedation . dry mouth . nausea . dizziness . reduced libido . urine retention/oedema . postural hypotension . mydriasis (small pupils) . tacchyarrythmias
Caution/CI: . seizures . other antidepressants (inc. effect: serotonin syndrome etc) . NSAIDs use and bleeding (esp. elderly) . NTW - toxicity, fatality
St John’s wort
Herbal antidepressant
Used for:
. mild depression
Not recommended by NICE due to lack of data on:
. dosage
. preparations
. potential serious interactions
(inc. metabolism of drugs in lever -> dec. effect of drugs)
Interactions:
. other antidepressants, esp. SSRIs and Triptans
. oral contraceptives (dec -> unwanted pregnancy)
. anticoagulants (dec -> clotting/VTE/PE)
. anticonvulsants (dec -> seizures)
. statins (dec)
side effects:
. usually well tolerated
. V/N, allergic reactions, Fatigue, Dizziness, dry mouth, photophobia
vir-
-vir
Anti-viral
. ritonavir (HIV)
. Acyclovir (HSV, VZV)
- zepam
- zolam
Benzodiazepines (muscle relaxants) . Diazepam . Lorazepam . Nitrazepam . Temazepam . Midazolam
Used for:
. anxiety
. sedation (insomnia)
Interactions - with many drugs
. Opioids - dangerous deep sedation, toxic
. Alcohol and other sedatives: toxic
. Other drugs that depress the CNS and AntiDepressants
. Herbal/Natural: Kava, Grapefruit (juice), SJW
. Liver enzyme inhibiting drugs: some AB, Antiviral (HIV), antifungal
Side effects:
. drowsiness, poor concentration (driving!)
Sodium Valproate
Antiepileptic (other:) Lamotrigine Carbamazepine Ethosuximide Phenytoin
Interactions: other antiepileptic drugs (toxocity) . alcohol . warfarin (decr) . corticosteroids (decr) . oral contraceptives (decr.)
Lamotrigine
Antiepileptic (other:) Sodium Valproate Carbamazepine Ethosuximide Phenytoin
Interactions: other antiepileptic drugs (toxocity) . alcohol . warfarin (decr) . corticosteroids (decr) . oral contraceptives (decr.)
Carbamazepine
Antiepileptic (other:) Sodium Valproate Lamotrigine Ethosuximide Phenytoin
Interactions: other antiepileptic drugs (toxocity) . alcohol . warfarin (decr) . corticosteroids (decr) . oral contraceptives (decr.)
Phenytoin
Antiepileptic (other:) Sodium Valproate Lamotrigine Ethosuximide Carbamazepine
Interactions: other antiepileptic drugs (toxocity) . alcohol . warfarin (decr) . corticosteroids (decr) . oral contraceptives (decr.)
Metoclopramide
antiemetics
DOP2 receptor antigonist
migraine
other: Domperidone
Domperidone
antiemetics
migraine
sumatriptan
migraine
(serotonin agonist)
Interactions:
SSRIs, SJW
(serotonin syndrome)
atenolol
beta-blockers (beta1 specific) (other: propranolol) . angina . MI . arrythmias . HF . HT Also: . migraine (prophylaxis) . tremor anxiety
CI - Asthma
side effects:
cold extremities
hypotension…
Propranolol
beta-blockers (beta1 specific) (other: atenolol - beta1 specific) . angina . MI . arrythmias . HF . HT Also: . migraine (prophylaxis) . tremor anxiety
CI - Asthma
side effects:
cold extremities
hypotension..
Digoxin
Na/K pump inhibitor Strengthens myocardium contraction Increase refractory period Slows AV conduction . atrial fibrillations . HF
Caution:
NTW - toxicity, renal failure
Side effects: arrythmias dizziness yellow vision (xanthopsia) blurred vision GI disturbances
Amiloride
Non-K sparing diuretic
side effects: hypoK
. arrythmias
. muscle weakness
. erection dysfunction
Spironolactone
Non-K sparing diuretic
. HF
. oedema
side effects: hypoK . arrythmias . muscle weakness . erection dysfunction . urinary disturbances
Bendrofluazide
Thiazide diuretic
. HF
. oedema
side effects: . Gout . hypoK . erection dysfunction . urinary disturbances
frusemide
Loop diuretic
(stronger)
side effects:
. hypoK
. erection dysfunction
. urinary disturbances
Antacids
alkalis (weak)
GORD, dyspepsia (early) - gastritis symptom relief only
side effects:
belching (burping)
Ranitidine
Histamine 2 receptor antagonists (H2 blocker) Also: . Cimetidine . Famotidine . Nizatidine
Used for:
. GORD
. Dyspepsia
. Ulcer disease
generally well tolerated
side effects:
. diarrhoea, dizziness, headache
Cimetidine
Histamine 2 receptor antagonists (H2 blocker) Also: . Ranitidine . Famotidine . Nizatidine
Used for:
. GORD
. Dyspepsia
. Ulcer disease
generally well tolerated
side effects:
. diarrhoea, dizziness, headache
Famotidine
Histamine 2 receptor antagonists (H2 blocker) Also: . Ranitidine . Cimetidine . Nizatidine
Used for:
. GORD
. Dyspepsia
. Ulcer disease
generally well tolerated
side effects:
. diarrhoea, dizziness, headache
Nizatidine
Histamine 2 receptor antagonists (H2 blocker) Also: . Ranitidine . Famotidine . Cimetidine
Used for:
. GORD
. Dyspepsia
. Ulcer disease
generally well tolerated
side effects:
. diarrhoea, dizziness, headache
Omeprazole
PPIs
. GORD
. Dyspepsia
. Ulcer disease
Also: . Lansoprazole . Pantoprazole . Rabeprazole . Esomeprazole
generally well tolerated
side effects:
. diarrhoea, skin rash, headache
Lansoprazole
Pantoprazole
Rabeprazole
PPIs
. GORD
. Dyspepsia
. Ulcer disease
Also:
. Omeprazole
. Esomeprazole
generally well tolerated
side effects:
. diarrhoea, skin rash, headache
Esomeprazole
PPIs
. GORD
. Dyspepsia
. Ulcer disease
Also: . Omeprazole . Lansoprazole . Pantoprazole . Rabeprazole
generally well tolerated
side effects:
. diarrhoea, skin rash, headache
Cyclizine
Hitamine 1 Receptor antagonists (H1RA)
Antiemetic
used for motion sickness (nausea)
side effects: drowsiness
Domperidone
Dopamine 2 Receptor antagonists (D2RA)
Antiemetic
used for nausea/vomiting
side effects: dystonia
Metoclopramide
Dopamine 2 Receptor antagonists (D2RA)
Antiemetic
used for nausea/vomiting
+ morning sickness in pregnancy
Ondansetron
Serotonin 5HT3 RA
Antiemetic
Isotonic solutions NaCl + glucose/starch
Rehydration
Loperamide
anti-motility agent
(opiate)
used for diarrhoea
side effects:
nausea, drowsiness
Lactulose
Osmotic laxative (laxative - softener)
side effects:
abd cramps
rotten teeth
weight gain
Docusate
Stool softener (laxative - softener)
Decrease surface tension
Inc penetration of fluid into faeces
Glycerol suppositories
Stool softener (laxative - softener)
Decrease surface tension
Inc penetration of fluid into faeces
Senna
Stimulant laxative
(increase motility)
side effects:
abd cramps
Bisacodyl
Stimulant laxative
(increase motility)
side effects:
abd cramps
Mesalazine
An aminosalicylate (AID) . Used for Iinflammatory Bowel Diseases (Crohn's, UC) . For acute attacks and to maintain remission in UC (and some types of Crohn's) . Reduce needs for steroid in remission
. Ciclosporin
. Azathioprine
Immunosupressants
. Used for Iinflammatory Bowel Diseases
(Crohn’s, UC)
. Main adverse effects: Bone Marrow Suppresion (causing risks of infection, anaemia, thrombocytopenia/bleeding etc)
Oral anti-diabetic drugs
for type II - needs functioning pancreatic beta cells to produce Insulin
(These are not insulin drugs!)
Insulin
. Not oral (gets broken down in GIT)
. Self-admin subcutaneous Injections (most), IV (very serious cases)
. Aim: mimic normal insulin secretion
peaks at meal times, and slow release in between
=> needs to combine both actions
. Short acting (Human Atracipid, Humulin S)
. Intermediate acting (Human Insulatard, Humulin I)
. Long acting (no names)
Adverse effects
. Hypoglycaemia
. Weight gain (problematic for type II)
. Lipodystrophy at injection sites
. Human Atracipid
. Humulin S
Insulin (short acting) for Diabetes
Injection, IV
Adverse effects
. Hypoglycaemia
. Weight gain (problematic for type II)
. Lipodystrophy at injection sites
. Human Insulatard
. Humulin I
Insulin (intermediate acting) for Diabetes
Injection, IV
Adverse effects
. Hypoglycaemia
. Weight gain (problematic for type II)
. Lipodystrophy at injection sites
Metformin
Biguanide family (oral antidiabetic drug) . needs insulin presence (i.e. functioning beta cells) . drug of choice b/c of weight loss and fewer hypo- events (e.g. hypoglycaemia - extremely rare with this drug)
most side effects:
. GIT disturbance (e.g. nausea)
. Lactic acidosis (esp. if renal impairment)
Contra-indications:
. Renal impairment, even minor
Glicalazide (main one)
Glimepiride
Glipizide
Tolbutamine
Sulphonylureas family
Oral antidiabetic drug
. needs unctioning beta cells (early diabetes)
Side effects: . hypoglycaemia . weight gain due to stimulation of appetite . GI disturbances . Skin rashes . rarely: bone marrow damage
Interactions:
. Inc. hypoglycaemic effect with alcohol, other drugs esp. other antidiabetics and antibiotics, antifungals
. Also with Okra
Pioglitazone
Glitazones family
Oral antidiabetic
slow onset action
side effects:
. weight gain
. bone fracture
. inc. risk of HF and bladder cancer (esp. elderly)
Sitagliptin Saxagliptin Vildagliptin Linagliptin Alogliptin
Gliptins family
Oral antidiabetic
side effects: . GIT upset - common . Less hypoglycaemia than sulphanylureas . rashes . risk of certain infections . liver disease . back pain . arthralgia
Acarbose
Oral antidiabetic
delays digestion and absorption of starch, sucrose
used alone or in combination with other AD drugs (e.g. metformin)
side effects:
. GIT disturbances
NSAIDs
. Effects: anti-inflammatory, analgaesic, antipyretic
. not addictive, euphoric, hypnotic
. side effects: GIT mostly (gastritis, peptic ulcer)
. COX inhibitors (1 and 2)
. Single dose: equal effect to paracetamol <= preferred
. Regular full dose: lasting analgaesic+anti-inflammatory effects => part. useful for persistent pain ass. w/ inflammation
. OA: paracetamol 1st line
. Inflammatory arthritides (RA etc): NSAIDs
Ibuprofen
Naproxen
Diclofenac
Aspirin
Non-selective COX inhibitors (i.e. both 1 and 2)
‘Constitutive’ - almost all cells; housekeeping role
. responsible for side effects (GIT, bruising/bleeding mainly)
=> GIT: mitigated with PPIs
. tend to increase risk of bleeding
. caution when taken with anticoagulants
NB: Diclofenac inc. thrombotic risk due to similar profile to COX-2 inhibitors
NB: naproxen: less thrombotic risks; Ibuprofen: current evidence suggests no increased thrombotic risk
NB: Aspirin - also used in low dose to reduce CVD risk (b/c reduces clotting) - should not be prescribed with other NSAIDs - DO NOT USE IN CHILDREN (risk of Reye’s syndrome - hepatic encephalopathy post-viral infection)
Celecoxib
Etoricoxib
Parecoxib
Selective COX-2 Inhibitors (Coxibs family)
‘Inducive’ - Only inflammatory cells
Anti-inflammatory effect
. little side effects, effective pain relief
. Inc. risk of Thrombosis and MI (5x) - C.I. if CVD
Paracetamol
Pain relief & antipyretic (NB: little anti-inflammatory effect) - recent study shows it is a selective Cox-2 Inhibitor
Side effects: very few, very rare
(malaise, rashes - Steven Johnson Syndrome, blood disorders, hypotension, flushing, tachycardia)
Acute poisoning: nausea, vomiting, liver failure (antidote available)
Glucocorticoids
Used for:
Addison’s disease (adrenals replacement therapy)
Anti-inflammatory, Immunosuppressive therapy
(asthma, topical skin/ear/eyes/nose, hypersensitivity and allergic reactions, AI disorders (RA, IBD etc))
Neoplastic disease (leukaemias, lymphomas)
Side effects:
. Cushing’s syndrome
incl. osteoporosis, diabetes/hyperglycaemia, oedema, bruising and petechiae
Withdrawal: should be done progressively
. risk of Addisonian crisis - acute adrenal insufficiency (severe illness -> very low blood pressure and coma)
this is b/c negative feedback from synthetic steroids cause adrenal atrophy - so if stopped suddenly, not enough steroids to keep blood pressure up.
prednisolone
Oral, Paraenteral
Glucosteroid
. used more commonly for long term disease suppression
Hydrocortisone
Oral, Paraenteral or Topical
Betamethasone
Dexamethasone
Glucocorticoids
Betamethasone - topical (betnovate)
Dexamethasone - oral
Both have low salt retention properties
Beclometasone
Budesonide
Inhalers, for Asthma
Allopurinol
NSAID for Gout
Inhibits crystallisation within joints
Probenecid
NSAID for Gout
Promotes uric acid excretion by the kidney
Methotrexate
anti-rheumatoid drug
(immune suppressant, or DMARD)
can be used for all types of inflammatory arthritides
hydroxychloroquine
anti-rheumatoid drug
anti-malarial drug
allow reducing NSAIDS and steroids
sulphasalzine
anti-rheumatoid drug
allow reducing NSAIDS and steroids
Gold salts
anti-rheumatoid drug
allow reducing NSAIDS and steroids
penicillamine
anti-rheumatoid drug
allow reducing NSAIDS and steroids
Morphine (natural)
Natural Opioids
Pain relief
Oral, Injection, Intrathecal
Side effects: . respiratory depression . pupil constriction . Euphoria . Physical dependence . Sedation
Diamorphine
Codeine
semi-synthetic Opioids
Pain relief
Oral, Injection, Intrathecal
Side effects: . respiratory depression . pupil constriction . Euphoria . Physical dependence . Sedation
Pethidine
Tramadol
Fentanyl
Synthetic Opioids
Pain relief
Oral, Injection, Intrathecal
NB: childbirth: pethidine, due to fast action
Side effects: . respiratory depression . pupil constriction . Euphoria . Physical dependence . Sedation
Alendronic acid
Ibandronic acid
Risedronate sodium
Biphosphonates family - Osteoporosis
(Action: Bind to bone and inhibit osteoclast activity)
(Remain bound to bones for months/years)
Indications: treat and prevent osteoporosis
.99.9%: oral
. IV if too severe
. Poor bioavailability
. Absorption reduced by calcium salts -> need to be taken on empty stomach first thing in morning with water, then sit/stand for 30 min to avoid GORD/Ulceration.
side effects:
. hypocalcaemia
. abnormalities of oesophagus, delayed emptying
. atypical femoral fractures
Guidance (wales):
. 1st line: alendronate
. 2nd line: risedronate if atedronate not tolerated
. Specialist referral if none above is tolerated/C.I.
. Review fracture risk after 5 years
Serious adverse effects (symptoms to look out for):
. Atypical femoral fracture (main S&S: pain)
. Osteonecrosis of jaw (oral problems)
. Osteonecrosis of EOM (ear pain, discharge or infection)
Calcium salts
Prevention / Treatment of osteoporosis
Combine with Vit D
For when diet/sunlight are not sufficient
NB: inc. of dietary Calcium has no impact on dec fracture risk
Colecalciferol
Vitamin D compound, for bone health
Facilitates GI absorption of Ca and phosphate
Promotes calcium mobilisation from bone
Increases Calcium reabsorption in renal tubules
Main adverse effect: hypercalcaemia (risk of cardiac arrythmias?) - requires monitoring.
Atorvastatin
Rosuvastatin
Simvastatin (higher risk of side effects)
Statins
. Drugs of choice to decrease cholesterol levels
. Prevent CVD and reduce associated mortality
. ‘High intensity Statins’ - Reduce circulating LDL by 40% without increasing adverse effects (except Simvastatin)
Prescription: dosage according to risk and history of CVD: higher doses if history of MI - aim: 40% reduction in LDL
Interactions:
. Grapefruit (dec. statin effect)
. other drugs
Classic side effects and caution:
. Myalgia, muscle cramps, Rhabdomyolosis (muscle wasting - increased CK in urine/blood - can be lethal)
. worsened if taken along other classes of lipid lowering drugs
=> CK levels must be measured before prescribing statins, if history of generalised or unexplained myalgia
=> If muscular symptoms: measure CK
. NB: Rhabdomyolysis and Myositis ass. w. statins are rare, cause statin-associated myalgia, and most likely to occur within first 3 months of treatment.
Other common side effects:
. H/a
. GIT disturbance
. Non-cardiac chest pain
Fibrates
Fibrates . when statins not tolerated . to reduce cholesterol . less effective than statins in reducing LDL levels (memo: FABSTAT)
