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GI- Week 2 > Drugs for HCV and HBV > Flashcards

Drugs for HCV and HBV Flashcards

1
Q

How does HBV replicate?

A

Hep B is a pararetrovirus, that is, it is a non-retrovirus that uses reverse transcriptase in their replicative process. The virus gains entry into the cell by binding to NTCP on the surface and being endocytosed. After viral uncoating, the nucleocapsid moves to the nucleus via host chaperones where the virion DNA polymerase synthesizes the missing portion of DNA, and a ds circular DNA is formed.

The DNA then serves as a template for individual mRNA synthesis by cellular RNA polymerase. After the individual mRNAs are made, a full-length positive-strand RNA in made, which is the template for the minus strand of the progeny DNA. The minus strand then serves as the template for the plus strand of the genome DNA. This RNA-dependenat DNA synthesis catalyzed by reverse transcriptase encoded by HBV takes place within the newly assembled virion nucleocapsid in the cytoplasm

Progeny HBV with its HBsAg-containing envelope are released by budding

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2
Q

How does HCV replicate?

A

It replicates in the hepatocytes of the liver via the following steps:

1) HCV binding
2) Entry via receptor-mediated endocytosis
3) uncoating of viral RNA and viral RNA translation in the rough ER
4) formation of a replication complex in the vesicular membrane structures to catalyze the amplification of the positive-strand RNA genoma
5) Maturation and release of virions

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3
Q

What are the drugs available for Rx of Chronic hepatitis B?

A

Tenofovir

Entecavir

Telbivudine

Adefovir dipivoxil

Lamivudine

Emtricitabine

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4
Q

What are the drugs available for Rx of Chronic Hepatitis C?

A

Ribavirin

Boceprevir, Grasoprevir, Paritaprevir, Simeprevir, Telaprevir

Daclatasvir, Ledipasvir, Ombitasvir, Valpatasvir

Sofosbuvir, Dasabuvir

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5
Q

What are the drugs available for Rx of both Chronic Hepatitis B and C?

A

peginterferon alfa 2b (Intron A) and 2a (Pegasys)

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6
Q

“-previrs” act on _____

A

NS3/4A

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7
Q

“-asvirs” act on _____

A

NS5A

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8
Q

“-buvirs” act on _____

A

NS5B

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9
Q

Describe the tx of chronic HBV

A

The 5 orally active antivirals are front-line (better tolerated than interferons, easier for outpt., and show better viral supression). Currently, Tenofovir and Entecavir are preferred with alternative regimens being used mostly in cases of resistance, comorbidities, and co-infection.

Note that combination regiments may diminish resistance development but are not necessarily more effective

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10
Q

What oral HBV drugs are part of the L-nucleoside family? acyclic phosphonates? d-cyclopentanes?

A

L-neucleosides: Lamivudine and Telivudine

Acyclic phosphonates: Adefovir and Tenofvori disoproxil fumarate (TDF)

d-cyclopentane: Entecavir

Antivrial resistance tends to be structure specific

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11
Q

T or F. Oral HBV drugs are false DNA building blocks

A

T. Causing viral DNA strand termination and inhibiton of polymerase. In general, these drugs require phosphorylation prior to incorporation into the DNA production cycle

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12
Q

How does Tenofovir disopoxil work?

A

pro-drug for Tenofovir a nucleoside analgos of adenosine-5-monophosphate/ The diphosphate form inhibits HBV polymerase and produces chain termination

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13
Q

How do entecavir, lamivudine, and emtricitabine work?

A

Entecavir: guanosine nucleoside analog

Lamivudine and Emtricitabine are L-isomers of ytosine with similar activity, potency, side effects, and patterns of resistance

NOTE: The triphosphate form of all of these inhibit HBV polymerase and produce chian termination

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14
Q

Describe the ADME of the orally active HBV drugs

A

-Adefovir disoproxil and tenofovir are pro-drugs

Food delays absorption of entecavir and high fat meals increase the bioavailability of tenofovir

  • no significant CYP interactions
  • all eliminated in urine (drug reduction with renal dysfunction)
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15
Q

What is a noticeable AE of tenofovir?

A

ARF, most often in pts with:

  • systemic/renal disease or concurrent nephrotoxic drugs but can be in those with no risk factors
  • possible accumulation in proximal tubule cells due to genetic active transporter protein absence of dysfunction
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16
Q

How should tenofovir be monitored?

A
  • serum creatinine/BUN and phopshate testing recommended (also recommended in lamivudine, adefovir, and entecavir)
  • avoid concurrent nephrotoxic agents like NSAIDs
  • ask pt about worsening bone pain/fractures as they may suggest tubulopathy
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17
Q

T or F. Antiretroviral drugs have been shown to decrease bone density

A

T. Tenofovir is worse than stavudine or abacavir

Calcium and vitD supplements are recommended in the tx of HIV

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18
Q

What is another potential toxicity of oral HBV drugs?

A
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19
Q

T or F. LFTs are recommended for adefovir, telbivudine, and entecavir

A

T.

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20
Q

What viruses is Tenofovir active against?

A

HIV and HBV

other HBV drugs active against HIV: Entecavir (weakly- can induce M184V strain), Emtricitabine.

Dont ever give lamivudine AND emtricibine at the same time (same structure)

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21
Q

What is the best drug for co-infection of HBV and HIV?

A

Truvada (Tenofovir and Emtricitabine)

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22
Q

How would HBV/HCV co-infection be tx?

A

initially with peginterferon and ribavirin to target the HCV

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23
Q

How do interferon drugs work?

A

They bind to cell surface receptors to activate tyrosine kinases, which leads to the production of several IFN-stimulated enzymes

  • endoribonucleases to cleave single-stranded viral RNA
  • inhibitory effects upon ds RNA
  • inhibition of viral penetration and uncoating, and/or viral assembly and release
  • enhanced lytic effects of cytotoxic T cells
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24
Q

How are interferon drugs given?

A

IM or SC

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25
Q

How are interferon drugs formulated today?

A

mostly as a peg form whos cellular effects exceed the persistence of the drug in the body (allows for 1x/week dosing)

26
Q

What are the AEs of interferon drugs?

A
  • acute flu like syndrome with injection (fever, chills, HA, myalgia, etc.)
  • neuropsychiatric issues (depression, somnolence, confusion, and rarely seizures)
  • granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia
  • elevated hepatic enzymes and TAGs
  • developing of serum neutralizing Abs rarely
27
Q

What monitoring should be done on a pt taking an interferon?

A

-thyroid function (immune-mediated destruction of thyroid tissue can cause temporary thyrotoxicosis), hepatic enzymes, mental state,

28
Q

T or F. Tx of chronic HCV requires genotpying the pts. infection becuase drug choice is predicted upon the target options

A

T. There are 7 genotpyes (GT 1 most common)

29
Q

Changing landscape for HCV

A

Some oral regimens for HCV infection

30
Q

How is ribavirin used in HCV tx?

A

It is proposed to work by enhancing host T-cell clearance, inhibiting host inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), with depletion of guanosine triphosphate, as essential substrate for vial RNA synthesis (i.e. inhibits viral replication by the triphosphate form)

It also inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

31
Q

Does Ribavirin lower HCV RNA levels?

A

It may transiently but mostly just normalizes serum alanine aminotransferase levels

32
Q

How does giving Ribavirin WiTH interferon affect the effectiveness of interferon?

A

they are synergistic and reduce the risk of viral relapse

33
Q

Desribe the ADME of Ribavirin

A

2x daily PO dosing that increases bioavailabilty with high fat meal. Extensive uptake into cells including erythrocytes. Long T1/2

No CYP action. Renal elimination (accumulation possible)

NEVER use as a sole tx

34
Q

What are the AEs of Ribavirin?

A
  • hemolytic anemia (within 1-2 weeks of therapy usually)- monitor hematocrit
  • MI and SOB secondary to anemia
  • male and female teratogenicity
35
Q

What other drugs have male and female teratogenicity?

A

Boceprevir and Telaprevir

36
Q

Direct Acting Antivirals

A
37
Q

Describe the DAAs

A

These proteins are all involved in some aspect of post translational processing of the HCV polyprotein. Thus, these drugs do not prevent transcriptase activity, but rather protein maturation

38
Q

What is NS3/NS4A?

A

a protease. Drugs action this are referred to as protease inhibitiors (there are currently 2 generations)

39
Q

Describe post-translational processing of HCV

A

The polyprotein undergoes cleavage by host and viral peptidases into structural proteins and nonstrucutral proteins (NS2, NS4A, etc.)

NS2 is a zinc dependent metalooproteinase that cleaves NS2 from NS3 and

NS3 assembles with its cofactor NS4A, creating NS3/4A protease

40
Q

Resistance (27)

A
41
Q

Why are variants of HCV so common?

A

HCV has rapid proliferation of viral particles in the hepatocytes and poor proofreading. Drug therapy might push toward the emergence of resistant strains

42
Q

What are the 1st gen protease inhibitors?

A

Telaprevir and Boceprevir (high potency)

43
Q

Describe the ADME of Telaprevir and Boceprevir

A

PO drugs taken 3x daily (used with preinterferon and ribavirin). Provides benefit no only in first time tx but also those relapsing on combo therapy

44
Q

What are the AEs of Telaprevir and Boceprevir?

A

nausea and diarrhea

fatigue and anemia

pruritis, rash, DRESS, SJS, TEN, and erythema multiforme with TELAPREVIR ONLY

possible male and female teratogenicity

45
Q

What are the current 2nd gen protease inhbitiors?

A

paritaprevir and simeprevir

46
Q

What are the benefits of paritaprevir and simeprevir?

A

improved activity vs. genotypes 1,2,4,5, and 6

  • once dialy dosing
  • improved saftey profile (fatigue, photosensitivity/rash, and GI toxicity remains a problem)
47
Q

What is the function of NS5B?

A

Its a polymerase whose inhibiton by nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors lead to interrupted hep. C replication

The role of NS5A remains unknown, but inhibitor drugs inhibit viral synthesis and assembly

48
Q

What are the NS5B inhibitors?

A

nucleoside inhibitor: Sofosbuvir

Non-nucleoside inhibitor: Dasabuvir

49
Q

What are the NS5A inhibitors?

A
  • Daclatasvir
  • Ledipasvir
  • Ombitasvir
  • Velpatasvir
50
Q

What is a major advantage of NS5A inhibitors?

A

pan genoptyic action (but resistance can develop)

CYP interactions possible

51
Q

Describe the Hep C polymerase inhibitors

A

there are two types: catalytic and allosteric

52
Q

Describe the Hep C polymerase catalytic inhibitors

A

they bind to a highly conserved site and display pan-genotypic activity

53
Q

Why is there delay between taking polymerase catalytic inhibitors and effect?

A

these drugs require phopshorylation and that takes time. These require 2 (nucleotide) or 3 (nucleoside) phosphorylations to activate (the initial one is rate limiting)

54
Q

Notes about Polymerase Catalytic Inhibitors

A
  • emergence of resistance is uncommon
  • interactions with P-gp (its a substrate)
  • generally well tolerated but fatigue and HA are common
55
Q

Describe polymerase allosteric Hep C inhibitors

A

to date, 4 allosteric drug binding sites are known, but they are less conserved than the catalytic site so the drugs do not possess pan-genotypic activity (most effective against strain 1a/b)

binding results in enzyme conformation change

  • low barrier to resistance but not cross-resistant to outcomes with other drug classes
  • useful in combo therapy
56
Q

What are the possible interactions of polymerase allosteric inhibitors?

A

P-gp and CYP2C8

57
Q

What are the AEs of polymerase allosteric inhibitors?

A

generally well-tolerated but fatigue, dermal, and GI toxicity common

58
Q

NS5A inhibitors have no enzymatic activity (33)

A
59
Q

Drur-Drug Interactions (34)

A
60
Q
A

GI- Week 2 (27 decks)

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