Drugs for HBV/HCV Flashcards
How does HBV replicate?
Hep B is a pararetrovirus, that is, it is a non-retrovirus that uses reverse transcriptase in their replicative process. The virus gains entry into the cell by binding to NTCP on the surface and being endocytosed. After viral uncoating, the nucleocapsid moves to the nucleus via host chaperoneswhere the virion DNA polymerase synthesizes the missing portion of DNA, and a ds circular DNA is formed.The DNA then serves as a template for individual mRNA synthesis by cellular RNA polymerase. After the individual mRNAs are made, a full-length positive-strand RNA in made, which is the template for the minus strand of the progeny DNA. The minus strand then serves as the template for the plus strand of the genome DNA. This RNA-dependenat DNA synthesis catalyzed by reverse transcriptase encoded by HBV takes place within the newly assembled virion nucleocapsid in the cytoplasmProgeny HBV with its HBsAg-containing envelope are released by budding
How does HCV replicate?
It replicates in the hepatocytes of the liver via the following steps:1) HCV binding2) Entry via receptor-mediated endocytosis3) uncoating of viralRNAand viral RNA translation in the rough ER4) formation of a replication complex in the vesicular membrane structures to catalyze the amplification of the positive-strand RNA genoma5) Maturation and release of virions
What are the drugs available for Rx of Chronic hepatitis B?
TenofovirEntecavirTelbivudineAdefovirdipivoxilLamivudineEmtricitabine
What are the drugs available for Rx of Chronic Hepatitis C?
RibavirinBoceprevir, Grasoprevir, Paritaprevir, Simeprevir, TelaprevirDaclatasvir, Ledipasvir, Ombitasvir, ValpatasvirSofosbuvir, Dasabuvir
What are the drugs available for Rx of both Chronic Hepatitis B and C?
peginterferon alfa 2b (Intron A) and 2a (Pegasys)
“-previrs” act on _____
NS3/4A
“-asvirs” act on _____
NS5A
“-buvirs” act on _____
NS5B
Describe the tx of chronic HBV
The 5 orally active antivirals are front-line (better tolerated than interferons, easier for outpt., and show better viral supression). Currently, Tenofovir and Entecavir are preferred with alternative regimens being used mostly in cases of resistance, comorbidities, and co-infection.Note that combination regiments may diminish resistance development but are not necessarily more effective
What oral HBV drugs are part of the L-nucleoside family? acyclic phosphonates? d-cyclopentanes?
L-neucleosides: Lamivudine and TelivudineAcyclic phosphonates: Adefovir and Tenofvori disoproxil fumarate (TDF)d-cyclopentane: EntecavirAntivrial resistance tends to be structure specific
T or F. Oral HBV drugs are false DNA building blocks
T. Causing viral DNA strand termination and inhibiton of polymerase. In general, these drugs require phosphorylation prior to incorporation into the DNA production cycle
How does Tenofovir disopoxil work?
pro-drug for Tenofovir a nucleoside analgos of adenosine-5-monophosphate/ The diphosphate form inhibits HBV polymerase and produces chain termination
How do entecavir, lamivudine, and emtricitabine work?
Entecavir: guanosine nucleoside analogLamivudine and Emtricitabine are L-isomers of ytosine with similar activity, potency, side effects, and patterns of resistanceNOTE: The triphosphate form of all of these inhibit HBV polymerase and produce chian termination
Describe the ADME of the orally active HBV drugs
-Adefovir disoproxil and tenofovir are pro-drugsFood delays absorption of entecavir and high fat meals increase the bioavailability of tenofovir-no significant CYP interactions-all eliminated in urine (drug reduction with renal dysfunction)
What is a noticeable AE of tenofovir?
ARF, most often in pts with:-systemic/renal disease or concurrent nephrotoxic drugs but can be in those with no risk factors-possible accumulation in proximal tubule cells due to genetic active transporter protein absence of dysfunction
How should tenofovir be monitored?
-serum creatinine/BUN and phopshate testing recommended (also recommended in lamivudine, adefovir, and entecavir)-avoid concurrent nephrotoxic agents like NSAIDs-ask pt about worsening bone pain/fractures as they may suggest tubulopathy
T or F. Antiretroviral drugs have been shown to decrease bone density
T. Tenofovir is worse than stavudine or abacavirCalcium and vitD supplements are recommended in the tx of HIV
What is another potential toxicity of oral HBV drugs?
T or F. LFTs are recommended for adefovir, telbivudine, and entecavir
T.
What viruses is Tenofovir active against?
HIV and HBVother HBV drugs active against HIV: Entecavir (weakly- can induce M184V strain), Emtricitabine.Dont ever give lamivudine AND emtricibine at the same time (same structure)
What is the best drug for co-infection of HBV and HIV?
Truvada (Tenofovir and Emtricitabine)
How would HBV/HCV co-infection be tx?
initially with peginterferon and ribavirin to target the HCV
How do interferon drugs work?
They bind to cell surface receptors to activate tyrosine kinases, which leads to the production of several IFN-stimulated enzymes-endoribonucleases to cleave single-stranded viral RNA-inhibitory effects upon ds RNA-inhibition of viral penetration and uncoating, and/or viral assembly and release-enhanced lytic effects of cytotoxic T cells
How are interferon drugs given?
IM or SC
How are interferon drugs formulated today?
mostly as a peg form whos cellular effects exceed the persistence of the drug in the body (allows for 1x/week dosing)
What are the AEs of interferon drugs?
-acute flu like syndrome with injection (fever, chills, HA, myalgia, etc.)-neuropsychiatric issues (depression, somnolence, confusion, and rarely seizures)-granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia-elevated hepatic enzymes and TAGs-developing of serum neutralizing Abs rarely
What monitoring should be done on a pt taking an interferon?
-thyroid function (immune-mediated destruction of thyroid tissue can cause temporary thyrotoxicosis), hepatic enzymes, mental state,
T or F. Tx of chronic HCV requires genotpying the pts. infection becuase drug choice is predicted upon the target options
T. There are 7 genotpyes (GT 1 most common)
Changing landscape for HCV
Some oral regimens for HCV infection
How is ribavirin used in HCV tx?
It is proposed to work by enhancing host T-cell clearance, inhibiting host inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), with depletion of guanosine triphosphate, as essential substrate for vial RNA synthesis (i.e. inhibits viral replication by the triphosphate form)It also inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Does Ribavirin lower HCV RNA levels?
It may transiently but mostly just normalizes serum alanine aminotransferase levels
How does giving Ribavirin WiTH interferon affect the effectiveness of interferon?
they are synergistic and reduce the risk of viral relapse
Desribe the ADME of Ribavirin
2x daily PO dosing that increases bioavailabilty with high fat meal. Extensive uptake into cells including erythrocytes. Long T1/2No CYP action. Renal elimination (accumulation possible)NEVER use as a sole tx
What are the AEs of Ribavirin?
-hemolytic anemia (within 1-2 weeks of therapy usually)- monitor hematocrit-MI and SOB secondary to anemia-male and female teratogenicity
What other drugs have male and female teratogenicity?
Boceprevir and Telaprevir
Direct Acting Antivirals
Describe the DAAs
These proteins are all involved in some aspect of post translational processing of the HCV polyprotein. Thus, these drugs do not prevent transcriptase activity, but rather protein maturation
What is NS3/NS4A?
a protease. Drugs action this are referred to as protease inhibitiors (there are currently 2 generations)
Describe post-translational processing of HCV
The polyprotein undergoes cleavage by host and viral peptidases into structural proteins and nonstrucutral proteins (NS2, NS4A, etc.)NS2 is a zinc dependent metalooproteinase that cleaves NS2 from NS3 andNS3 assembles with its cofactor NS4A, creating NS3/4A protease
Resistance (27)
Why are variants of HCV so common?
HCV has rapid proliferation of viral particles in the hepatocytes and poor proofreading. Drug therapy might push toward the emergence of resistant strains
What are the 1st gen protease inhibitors?
Telaprevir and Boceprevir (high potency)
Describe the ADME ofTelaprevir and Boceprevir
PO drugs taken 3x daily (used with preinterferon and ribavirin). Provides benefit no only in first time tx but also those relapsing on combo therapy
What are the AEs ofTelaprevir and Boceprevir?
nausea and diarrheafatigue andanemiapruritis, rash, DRESS, SJS, TEN, and erythema multiforme with TELAPREVIR ONLYpossible male and female teratogenicity
What are the current 2nd gen protease inhbitiors?
paritaprevir and simeprevir
What are the benefits ofparitaprevir and simeprevir?
improved activity vs. genotypes 1,2,4,5, and 6-once dialy dosing-improved saftey profile (fatigue, photosensitivity/rash, and GI toxicity remains a problem)
What is the function of NS5B?
Its a polymerase whose inhibiton by nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors lead to interrupted hep. C replicationThe role of NS5A remains unknown, but inhibitor drugs inhibit viral synthesis and assembly
What are the NS5B inhibitors?
nucleoside inhibitor: SofosbuvirNon-nucleoside inhibitor: Dasabuvir
What are the NS5A inhibitors?
-Daclatasvir-Ledipasvir-Ombitasvir-Velpatasvir
What is a major advantage of NS5A inhibitors?
pan genoptyic action (but resistance can develop)CYP interactions possible
Describe the Hep C polymerase inhibitors
there are two types: catalytic and allosteric
Describe the Hep C polymerase catalyticinhibitors
they bind to a highly conserved site and display pan-genotypic activity
Why is there delay between taking polymerase catalytic inhibitors and effect?
these drugs require phopshorylation and that takes time. These require 2 (nucleotide) or 3 (nucleoside) phosphorylations to activate (the initial one is rate limiting)
Notes about Polymerase Catalytic Inhibitors
-emergence of resistance is uncommon-interactions with P-gp (its a substrate)-generally well tolerated but fatigue and HA are common
Describe polymerase allosteric Hep C inhibitors
to date, 4 allosteric drug binding sites are known, but they are less conserved than the catalytic site so the drugs do not possess pan-genotypic activity (most effective against strain 1a/b)binding results in enzyme conformation change-low barrier to resistance but not cross-resistant to outcomes with other drug classes-useful in combo therapy
What are the possible interactions of polymerase allosteric inhibitors?
P-gp and CYP2C8
What are the AEs of polymerase allosteric inhibitors?
generally well-tolerated but fatigue, dermal, and GI toxicity common
NS5A inhibitors have no enzymatic activity (33)
Drur-Drug Interactions (34)
