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PCL200 > Drugs for Attention > Flashcards

Drugs for Attention Flashcards

1
Q

Which parts of brain determine arousal?

A

Reticular formation

Thalamus

Cerebral cortex

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2
Q

Reticular activating system (RAS)

A

Sets arousal by releasing the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and acetylcholine to the thalamus and cortex.

Located in the midbrain and the pons.

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3
Q

Pons

A

Produces acetylcholine and serotonin

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4
Q

The importance of vigilance for cognition

A

Speed, accuracy, creativity, short-term, and long-term memory.

Cognition contributes to attention

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5
Q

Norepinephrine (alertness)

A

Higher arousal state

Increased attention and focus, fear and anxiety

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6
Q

What are the receptors for Norepinephrine?

A

G-protein coupled receptors (adrenergic receptors)

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7
Q

Dopamine (movement)

A

Facilitates movement

Some dopamine neurons will make a neuron more likely to fire, and others make the neuron less likely to fire or to release neurotransmitter.

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8
Q

What are the receptors for Dopamine?

A

GPCR (G-Protein Coupled Receptors) also known as Dopamine Receptors

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9
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Promotes wakefulness and attention

Associated with learning and memory

It has both excitatory and inhibitory neuron affect

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10
Q

What are the receptors for Acetylcholine?

A

1) Nicotinic receptors

2) Muscarinic receptors

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11
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

Sodium ion channels (excitatory), which allows sodium ions to rush in, and this excites the neuron.

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12
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

Can increase or decrease neuron activity

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13
Q

Amphetamine and methylphenidate

A

Increase attention and vigilance

Increases the level of dopamine and norepinephrine

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14
Q

What are the similarities for Amphetamine and methylphenidate?

A

They both bind to dopamine transporter (DAT) and the norepinephrine transporter (NET).

DAT and NET are responsible for the clearance of dopamine and norepinephrine in the synapse.

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15
Q

What are the side effects of Amphetamine and methylphenidate?

A

Reduce appetite

Cause sleep difficulties

This is due to the increase of dopamine and norepinephrine

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16
Q

Methylphenidate

A

blocks the Dopamine transporter and the norepinephrine transporter, which causes accumulation of dopamine and norepinephrine in the synapse

17
Q

Amphetamine

A

DAT and NET reverser, which causes the transporter to push dopamine and norepinephrine into the synapse

18
Q

Psychostimulants

A

Drugs that promote wakefulness and attention. Increase motor activity.

Such as Caffeine

19
Q

Simple Task vs. Difficult Task

A

Simple task: high performance & high arousal

Difficult task: low performance & high arousal

20
Q

Caffeine

A

Blocks the adenosine receptor which prevents sleep

Not addictive, but can be dependent and tolerant.

21
Q

Adverse effects of Caffeine

A

Dry mouth, agitation, heartburn, diarrhea, insomnia, racing heart

22
Q

What are types of Psychostimulant drugs?

A

Cocaine, meth, amphetamine, methylphenidate, and modafinil.

They all block DAT and NET

23
Q

What are the effects of psychostimulants?

A

wakefulness, euphoria, suppressed appetite, insomnia, agitation, paranoia, constipation, psychosis, dry mouth, etc.

24
Q

ADD or ADHD

A

Difficulties with voluntary attention

Increases in involuntary attention (distraction) & impulsivity

Memory impairment

Hyperfocus

25
Q

What do ADD/ADHD drugs do?

A

Increase the level of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain.

Either prevent the clearance of these neurotransmitters or they cause them to be reverse-transported into the synapse.

26
Q

What are the targets (proteins) for methylphenidate and amphetamine?

A

Dopamine Transporter (DAT)

Norepinephrine Transporter (NET)

27
Q

Does methylphenidate act more like cocaine or like methamphetamine? (In terms of how it increases DA and NE).

A

Methylphenidate (Ritalin) acts more like cocaine than methamphetamine.

It blocks the DAT and NET, preventing reuptake.

It doesn’t reverse-transport, the way that methamphetamine (and amphetamine) do

28
Q

How can drugs be formulated to reduce their addictive properties?

A

Slow release formulation

Don’t smoke it. Smoking the drug releases to the brian much faster.

29
Q

What are the adverse effects (side effects) of amphetamine and methylphenidate?

A

Headache, dizziness, insomnia, appetite suppression, dry mouth, increased heart rate, muscle tremor, agitation.

30
Q

Modafinil increases which neurotransmitters in the brain to promote wakefulness

A

Norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine (also serotonin and orexin)

31
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A sleeping disorder where the normal switch between sleep and wakefulness is not maintained.

Extreme sleepiness during the day

Some muscle paralysis

Night terrors and disrupted sleep

PCL200 (7 decks)

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