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Pharmacology > Drugs and the Body > Flashcards

Drugs and the Body Flashcards

1
Q

Two pharmaceutic phases of drugs

A

Disintegration and Dissolution

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2
Q

True or False.
In the GI tract, drugs need to be in solution so they can be absorbed.

A

True

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3
Q

The breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles

A

Disintegration

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4
Q

The dissolving of the smaller particles in the GI fluid before absorption.

A

Dissolution

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5
Q

Factors affecting dissolution

A

Form of drugs, Gastric pH, Age

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6
Q

True or False.
Drugs in solid form are more rapidly available for GI absorption than liquids.

A

False

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7
Q

True or False.
Drugs are disintegrated and absorbed faster in acidic fluids with a pH of 1 or 2 rather than in alkaline fluids.

A

True

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8
Q

True or False.
Both the very young and older adults have less gastric acidity; therefore, drug absorption is generally slower for those drugs absorbed primarily in the stomach.

A

True

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9
Q

Pharmacon means

A

Drug

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10
Q

Kinesis means

A

Movement

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11
Q

Dynamics means

A

Power

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12
Q

Drug movement

A

Pharmacokinetics

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13
Q

Drug power

A

Pharmacodynamics

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14
Q

•Disintegration occurs in alkaline environment (small intestine)
•Should not be crushed
•Presence of food interfere with dissolution and absorption, enhance absorption of other drugs may be protectants of gastric mucosa

A

Enteric Coated Drug

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15
Q

describes information about ADME (enumerate):

A

Pharmacokinetics
ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

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16
Q

Study of how drugs affect the human body given their mechanism of action.

A

Pharmacodynamics

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17
Q

movement of drugs through the body

A

Pharmacokinetics

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18
Q

what the body does to the drug

A

Pharmacokinetics

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19
Q

Body’s biological response to drugs

A

Pharmacodynamics

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20
Q

What the drug does to the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

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21
Q

Movement of a drug into the bloodstream after administration, process of drug entering the blood circulation

A

Absorption

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22
Q

Mechanism of Drug absorption

A

Passive transport
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Endocytosis, exocytosis

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23
Q

Determine the route of administration: swallowing an aspirin tablet

A

Oral

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24
Q

Determine the route of administration: administering to the GI tract such as via a NG tube

A

Enteral

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25
Q

Determine the route of administration:
Administering an acetaminophen [Tylenol] suppository)

A

Rectal

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26
Q

Breathing in medication from an inhaler

A

Inhalation

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27
Q

Determine the route of administration: Getting a flu shot in the deltoid muscle

A

Intramuscular

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28
Q

Determine the route of administration: Injecting insulin into the fat tissue beneath the skin

A

Subcutaneous

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29
Q

Determine the route of administration: Wearing a nicotine patch

A

Transdermal

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30
Q

Determine the route of administration: Giving medicines or fluids through a needle or tube inserted into a vein

A

Intravenous

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31
Q

type of absorption. movement from higher to lower concentration, don’t require energy

A

Passive absorption

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32
Q

Type of absorption. Carrier such as an enzyme or protein moves the drug against a concentration gradient. Energy is required.

A

Active absorption

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33
Q

Process by which cells carry a drug across their membrane by engulfing the drug particles (encapsulation by a cell)

A

Pinocytosis

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34
Q

True or false. Water soluble drugs absorb faster.

A

False

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35
Q

True or false. Water soluble drugs need a carrier, either enzyme or protein, to pass through a membrane.

A

True

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36
Q

Have no positive or negative charge

A

Non ionized

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37
Q

Has negative or positive charge

A

Ionized

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38
Q

True or false. Ionized drugs are absorbed faster.

A

False

39
Q

Weak acid drugs like aspirin are less ____ in the stomach, and they pas through the stomach lining easily and rapidly.

A

Ionized

40
Q

An infant’s gastric secretions have ____ than those adults; therefore they can absorb more penicillin.

A

Higher pH (alkaline

41
Q

Certain drugs such as ____ ____ and many of the antifungals need an acidic environment to achieve greater drug absorption; thus food can stimulate the production of gastric acid.

A

Calcium carbonate

42
Q

___ destroys some drugs such as penicillin G; therefore a large oral dosage of penicillin is needed to offset the partial dose loss.

A

Hydrochloric acid

43
Q

Some drugs do not go directly into the systemic circulation following oral absorption but pass from the intestinal lumen to the liver via the portal vein.

A

First pass effect or hepatic first pass

44
Q

In the liver, some drugs may be metabolized to ___ that may then be excreted, thus reducing the amount of ___ drug

A

an inactive form, active

45
Q

True or false. Some drugs do not undergo metabolism at all in the liver.

A

True

46
Q

Substance formed when the body chemically modifies a drug after its administration.

A

Drug metabolite

47
Q

True or false. Liquids are absorbed better than solids.

A

True

48
Q

True or false. Colloids are absorbed better than crystalloids.

A

False

49
Q

True or false. Drugs in oily solutions mix readily than those in aqueous solution.

A

False

50
Q

True or false. Most of the drugs are organic compounds.

A

True

51
Q

True or false. Organic compounds are not completely ionized in the fluid.

A

True

52
Q

Unionized component is predominantly ___ soluble and is absorbed rapidly.

A

Lipid soluble

53
Q

Ionized is often ___ soluble component which is absorbed poorly.

A

water

54
Q

Acidic drugs like ___ rapidly absorb from the stomach.

A

Salicylates and barbiturates

55
Q

Base drugs are not absorbed until they reach to the ___ environment. i.e. small intestine when administered orally e.g. ____.

A

alkaline, pethidine and ephedrine

56
Q

Medications made of protein that are swallowed or otherwise absorbed in the GI tract may quickly be deactivated by enzymes as they pass through the stomach and duodenum. If the drug does get into the blood from the intestines, part of it will be broken down by liver enzymes, known as ____. Some of it will escape to the general circulation to either become ___ (inactive) or ___ (and create an action at a receptor site.

A

First pass effect
protein-bound
stay free

57
Q

The percentage of the administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation.

A

Bioavailability

58
Q

The path by which a drug is taken into the body

A

Route of administration

59
Q

Route of administration is determined by:

A
  1. Property of the drug (e.g. water or lipid solubility, ionization)
  2. Therapeutic objectives (desirability of rapid onset, the need for long term treatment)
  3. Biopharmaceutical factors
60
Q

True or false. The absorption pattern of drugs varies between the different administration routes

A

True

61
Q

Enteral oral routes example

A

Solid, liquid, meds by NGT, enteral feedings

62
Q

Parenteral route examples

A

Intradermal, Subcutaneous, Intramuscular, and Intravenous

63
Q

Percutaneous topical route examples

A

Creams, lotion, ointments
Patch testing for allergies
NTG (Nitroglycerin transdermal patch)
Medication to Mucus membranes
Topical powder

64
Q

Most used route

A

Oral

65
Q

route intended for systemic and local effect

A

Oral dosage forms

66
Q

absorption pattern is affected by many factors and also depends on the dosage form

A

Oral dosage

67
Q

True or false
Solution > Suspension > Capsules > Tablets

A

True

68
Q

Unsuitable for oily substances and has an immediate effect

A

Intravenous route

69
Q

Dose is higher and suitable for irritating substances. Used in emergency situations and ideal for molecular weight proteins.

A

Intravenous route

70
Q

May result in adverse effects, must be introduced slowly to the skin, and strict aseptic techniques are needed.

A

Intravenous route

71
Q

The safest, convenient, and economical route.

A

Oral route

72
Q

Route with limited absorption, affected by food, must ensure patient compliance, and are metabolized before absorption.

A

Oral route

73
Q

A ___ is a substance used to dilute a concentrated drug to a desired concentration, improving its properties for administration.

A

Drug diluent

74
Q

Depend on drug diluent.
Aqueous solution: PROMPT
Depot preparation: slow and sustained

A

Subcutaneous route and Intramuscular route

75
Q

Suitable for slow release drugs and ideal for some poorly soluble suspensions

A

Subcutaneous route

76
Q

What are the disadvantages of subcutaneous route?

A
  1. Pain or necrosis (cell death in living tissue)
  2. Unsuitable for large doses
77
Q

Advantage: when drug volume is moderate, suitable for oily vehicles, preferable to IV if patient must self-administer.

A

Intramuscular route

78
Q

Affect certain lab tests, can be painful, and ___ haemorrhage can happen

A

Intramuscular

79
Q

Slow and sustained. It bypasses the first-pass effect, painless, ideal to drugs that are lipophilic and drugs that are quickly eliminated.

A

Transdermal

80
Q

Can be allergic, highly lipophilic, delay delivery of drugs, limited to drug

A

Transdermal

81
Q

Erratic and variable. Bypass first-pass effect and destruction of stomach acid, does not induce vomiting.

A

Rectal route

82
Q

Disadvantages of rectal route

A

May irritate the rectal mucosa, not well-accepted route

83
Q

Rapid absorption, ideal for gases, dose can be titrated, effective for respiratory patients, less side effects, localised effect to target lungs

A

Inhalation

84
Q

___ refers to a process used in chemistry and medicine to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution or to adjust the dosage of a medication.

A

Titration

85
Q

Addictive route, difficult to regulate and use

A

Inhalation

86
Q

Erratically or incompletely absorbed, systemic absorption, rapid

A

Sublingual

87
Q

Bypasses first pass effect and destruction of stomach acid, drug stability maintained, immediate pharmacological effects.

A

Sublingual

88
Q

Limited to certain types, limited to drug, may lose part of the drug

A

Sublingual

89
Q

Other enteral routes used when rapid onset of action is needed. Med is absorbed directly by the blood vessels under the tongue or in the lining of the mouth which provide fast action and bypass first-pass effect.

A

Sublingual, buccal

90
Q

It refers to the administration of a liquid medication directly into a body cavity or onto a surface, allowing for localized treatment. Ex: placing drops or a small volume of liquid into areas such as the eyes, ears, nose, or urinary tract.

A

Instillation route

91
Q

A system or device by which the drug is delivered to the body.

A

Dosage forms

92
Q

These are solid dosage forms designed to be inserted into the rectum, vagina, or urethra, where they dissolve or melt to release their active ingredients.

A

Suppositories

93
Q

These are topical preparations that are applied to the skin to relieve pain or inflammation in muscles and joints.

A

Liniments

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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