Drugs And Random Things

Question 0

What are two Na channel blockers?

Answer 0

Tetrodotoxin (pufferfish poison) and saxitoxin (red tide poison)

Question 1

Indomethacin

Answer 1

NSAID that reversible binds cyclooxygenase; used for gout, ankylosing spondylitis, and closure of ductus arteriosis

Question 2

What’s a K channel blocker?

Answer 2

Tetraethylammonium (TEA)

Question 3

How does botulinus toxin work?

Answer 3

Blocks neuromuscular transmission completely by inhibiting release of Ach from presynaptic terminals

Question 4

What does curare do to neuromuscular transmission?

Answer 4

Decreases size of EPP by competing with Ach for receptors on motor end plate; high doses can cause paralysis of respiratory muscles and death

Question 5

What is neostigmine used for?

Answer 5

Prolongs and increases effect of Ach at muscle end plate by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase; used for treatment in myasthenia gravis

Question 7

What does hemicholinium do?

Answer 7

Blocks reuptake of choline into presynaptic terminal which depletes Ach store in vesicles.

Question 8

norephinephrine is released from?

Answer 8

postganglionic sympathetic neurons (made in presynaptic cell)

Question 9

how is NE metabolized?

Answer 9

• reuptake or metabolized in presynaptic terminal by MAO or COMT
• metabolized to DOMA, NMN, MOPEG,and VMA

Question 10

how can you test for pheochromocytoma?

Answer 10

measure amount of VMA in urine

Question 11

how is epinephrine made?

Answer 11

tyrosine –> L-dopa –> dopamine –> NE –> epinephrine

last step occurs by phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase in the adrenal medulla

Question 12

what’s another name for prolactin inhibiting factor?

Answer 12

DOPAMINE!

Question 13

how is dopamine metabolized?

Answer 13

released from hypothalamus and metabolized by MAO and COMT

Question 14

what does dopamine do when it binds its receptors?

Answer 14

D1 receptors activate adenylate cyclase via Gs protein

D2 receptors inhibit adenylate cyclase via Gi protein

Question 15

how does Parkinson’s disease occur?

Answer 15

degeneration of DA neurons that use DA2 receptors

Question 16

why does schizophrenia occur?

Answer 16

too many D2 receptors

Question 17

how is serotonin metabolized?

Answer 17

formed from tryptophan; converted to melatonin in pineal gland

Question 18

how do you make GABA?

Answer 18

glutamate –> GABA by glutamate decarboxylase

Question 19

what does GABAa do to the cell?

Answer 19

increases Cl- conductance; benzodiazepines and barbituates

Question 20

what does GABAb do to the cell?

Answer 20

increases K+ conductance

Question 21

what does glycine do to the cell?

Answer 21

increases Cl- conductance

Question 22

is NO inhibitory or excitatory?

Answer 22

inhibitory

Question 23

how do you make NO?

Answer 23

synthesized in presynaptic terminals by NO synthase (arginine to citrulline and NO)

Question 24

is NO packaged and released in vesicles?

Answer 24

NO. it’s a gas. it diffuses all by itself

Question 25

what is an edrophonium test for?

Answer 25

a patient is given edrophonium (anticholinesterase) to see if their muscle weakness gets better —> patient has myasthenia gravis

Question 26

what are tuboCURARine, panCURonium, veCURonium, and atraCURium?

Answer 26

non-depolarizing drugs similar to curare; Ach antagonists that reduce EPPs. high dose causes paralysis of respiratory muscles and death

Question 27

what does succinylcholine (anectine, quelicin,sucostrin) do to neuromuscular transmission?

Answer 27

its a depolarizing drug (Ach agonist); maintains open Na+ channel which leads to muscle paralysis (malignant hyperthermia)

Question 28

why does malignant hyperthermia occur?

Answer 28

excessive release of Ca2+ from SR from constant activation of nAChr (from succinylcholine etc)

Question 29

describe a patient with malignant hyperthermia?

Answer 29

hyperthermic, metabolic acidosis, tachycardic, and accelerated muscle contractions

Question 30

how would you treat malignant hyperthermia?

Answer 30

rapid cooling, 100% oxygen, control of acidosis, and dantrolene

Question 31

what does dantrolene do?

Answer 31

blocks release of Ca2+ from SR

Question 32

what else can you treat with dantrolene?

Answer 32

cerebral palsy and MS

Question 33

what does atropine do?

Answer 33

muscarinic receptor antagonist

Question 34

what does clonidine do?

Answer 34

alpha2 receptor agonist

Question 35

what does yohimbine do?

Answer 35

alpha2 receptor antagonist

Question 36

what do Ach, nicotine, and carbachol do?

Answer 36

nicotinic receptor agonist

Question 37

what do propranolol and butoxamine do?

Answer 37

beta2 receptor antagonist

Question 38

what do curare and hexamethonium do?

Answer 38

nicotinic receptor antagonist (curare @ NM junction and hexamethonium @ autonomic ganglion)

Question 39

what do Ach, muscarine, and carbachol do?

Answer 39

muscarinic receptor agonist

Question 40

what do isoproterenol and albuterol do?

Answer 40

beta2 receptor agonist

Question 41

what do norepinephrine and phenylephrine do?

Answer 41

alpha1 receptor agonist

Question 42

what do propranolol and metoprolol do?

Answer 42

beta1 receptor antagonist

Question 43

what do phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, and prazosin do?

Answer 43

alpha1 receptor antagonist

Question 44

what do norepinephrine, isoproterenol, and dobutamine do?

Answer 44

beta1 receptor agonist