Drugs And Random Things Flashcards
What are two Na channel blockers?
Tetrodotoxin (pufferfish poison) and saxitoxin (red tide poison)
Indomethacin
NSAID that reversible binds cyclooxygenase; used for gout, ankylosing spondylitis, and closure of ductus arteriosis
What’s a K channel blocker?
Tetraethylammonium (TEA)
How does botulinus toxin work?
Blocks neuromuscular transmission completely by inhibiting release of Ach from presynaptic terminals
What does curare do to neuromuscular transmission?
Decreases size of EPP by competing with Ach for receptors on motor end plate; high doses can cause paralysis of respiratory muscles and death
What is neostigmine used for?
Prolongs and increases effect of Ach at muscle end plate by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase; used for treatment in myasthenia gravis
What does hemicholinium do?
Blocks reuptake of choline into presynaptic terminal which depletes Ach store in vesicles.
norephinephrine is released from?
postganglionic sympathetic neurons (made in presynaptic cell)
how is NE metabolized?
- reuptake or metabolized in presynaptic terminal by MAO or COMT
- metabolized to DOMA, NMN, MOPEG,and VMA
how can you test for pheochromocytoma?
measure amount of VMA in urine
how is epinephrine made?
tyrosine –> L-dopa –> dopamine –> NE –> epinephrine
last step occurs by phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase in the adrenal medulla
what’s another name for prolactin inhibiting factor?
DOPAMINE!
how is dopamine metabolized?
released from hypothalamus and metabolized by MAO and COMT
what does dopamine do when it binds its receptors?
D1 receptors activate adenylate cyclase via Gs protein
D2 receptors inhibit adenylate cyclase via Gi protein
how does Parkinson’s disease occur?
degeneration of DA neurons that use DA2 receptors
why does schizophrenia occur?
too many D2 receptors
how is serotonin metabolized?
formed from tryptophan; converted to melatonin in pineal gland
how do you make GABA?
glutamate –> GABA by glutamate decarboxylase
what does GABAa do to the cell?
increases Cl- conductance; benzodiazepines and barbituates
what does GABAb do to the cell?
increases K+ conductance
what does glycine do to the cell?
increases Cl- conductance
is NO inhibitory or excitatory?
inhibitory
how do you make NO?
synthesized in presynaptic terminals by NO synthase (arginine to citrulline and NO)
is NO packaged and released in vesicles?
NO. it’s a gas. it diffuses all by itself
what is an edrophonium test for?
a patient is given edrophonium (anticholinesterase) to see if their muscle weakness gets better —> patient has myasthenia gravis
what are tuboCURARine, panCURonium, veCURonium, and atraCURium?
non-depolarizing drugs similar to curare; Ach antagonists that reduce EPPs. high dose causes paralysis of respiratory muscles and death
what does succinylcholine (anectine, quelicin,sucostrin) do to neuromuscular transmission?
its a depolarizing drug (Ach agonist); maintains open Na+ channel which leads to muscle paralysis (malignant hyperthermia)
why does malignant hyperthermia occur?
excessive release of Ca2+ from SR from constant activation of nAChr (from succinylcholine etc)
describe a patient with malignant hyperthermia?
hyperthermic, metabolic acidosis, tachycardic, and accelerated muscle contractions
how would you treat malignant hyperthermia?
rapid cooling, 100% oxygen, control of acidosis, and dantrolene
what does dantrolene do?
blocks release of Ca2+ from SR
what else can you treat with dantrolene?
cerebral palsy and MS
what does atropine do?
muscarinic receptor antagonist
what does clonidine do?
alpha2 receptor agonist
what does yohimbine do?
alpha2 receptor antagonist
what do Ach, nicotine, and carbachol do?
nicotinic receptor agonist
what do propranolol and butoxamine do?
beta2 receptor antagonist
what do curare and hexamethonium do?
nicotinic receptor antagonist (curare @ NM junction and hexamethonium @ autonomic ganglion)
what do Ach, muscarine, and carbachol do?
muscarinic receptor agonist
what do isoproterenol and albuterol do?
beta2 receptor agonist
what do norepinephrine and phenylephrine do?
alpha1 receptor agonist
what do propranolol and metoprolol do?
beta1 receptor antagonist
what do phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, and prazosin do?
alpha1 receptor antagonist
what do norepinephrine, isoproterenol, and dobutamine do?
beta1 receptor agonist
