Drugs and Chirality

Question 1

What is the composition of a pharmaceutical and its %?

Answer 1

AP(8-10), fillers (80%), disintegration (, disaggregation and dissolution (10%)

Question 2

what are pharmaceuticals?

Answer 2

Solids, liquids and gas formulations that treat, cure and prevent disease

Question 3

What is the basis of many drugs and why?

Answer 3

carbon, has 4 valence electrons so can have covalent bonding.

Question 4

What are the properties of API?

Answer 4

Carbon/Hydrogen backbone with functional groups that create a biologically active substance.

Question 5

What is the role of functional groups?

Answer 5

Determines the role of action of the pharmaceutical through binding and the given properties.

Question 6

What properties do functiocal groups determine?

Answer 6

Chemical (acid/base, solubility, reactivity) , physical (something that is measured) and chemical stability.

Question 7

What is drug likeliness?

Answer 7

Predictor of drug’s biological activeness.

Question 8

what is needed for water solubility?

Answer 8

H bonding and ion-dipole interaction. AThe drug must have polar functional groups (hydrophobic and philic molecules)

Question 9

what does drug likeliness depend on?

Answer 9

water solubility and binding

Question 10

What is Lipinski’s rule?

Answer 10

HBD less than 5, HBA less than 10, MM less than 500 and coefficient Log P less than 5.

Question 11

What is needed in a H bond?

Answer 11

a polarised H-X bond where the H is sharing the electron and hetero atom with lone pair of electrons (negative)

Question 12

What is a dipole-dipole bond?

Answer 12

attraction between positive and negative poles as electrons are shared and tried to be pulled to each other.

Question 13

what creates a greater polarity?

Answer 13

Greater difference in electronegativity

Question 14

when is EN considered a Non-Polar Covalent

Answer 14

EN between 0.2 and 0.4

Question 15

when is EN considered a Polar Covalent

Answer 15

En between 0.6 and 2.0

Question 16

when is EN considered Ionic?

Answer 16

2.2-3.2

Question 17

What makes something more polar in water?

Answer 17

Polar bonds

Question 18

What are the stages of drug action?

Answer 18

absorption, distribution to target, binding at target, metabolism and excretion.

Question 19

What are the properties that are crucial to drug binding ability?

Answer 19

3D Shape and Polarisation of functional groups

Question 20

what are the crucial properties of drug absorption?

Answer 20

Hydrophobicity (across cell membrane) and hydrophilicity (through blood)

Question 21

What are the two types of enzyme inhibitors?

Answer 21

reversible and irreversible

Question 22

What is the geometry of a molecule with single, double and triple bond?

Answer 22

tetrahedral, trigonal planar and linear

Question 23

what are the three types of constitutional isomers?

Answer 23

skeletal, functional group and positional isomers

Question 24

What is a chiral centre

Answer 24

Carbon atom with four different functional groups that is not superimposable on its mirror image.

Question 25

How do you determine chilarity?

Answer 25

1. find centre 2. prioritise according to atomic number 3. oriented so lowest priority number is going away from you 4. determine of r or s

Question 26

what does r and s mean respectively?

Answer 26

r= clockwise s= anticlockwise

Question 27

What are enantiomers?

Answer 27

Non superimpsobale mirror images

Question 28

What is chiral recognition?

Answer 28

enzymes that are drug targets are chiral and so usually only occur as a single enantiomer. drugs should only recognise one.

Question 29

diastereoisomers

Answer 29

stereoisomers that are not mirror images (differ three-dimensionally)

Question 30

How do you deterine the diastereoisomers of a molecule?

Answer 30

reverse the chilarity of any chiral centre (not all of them though)

Question 31

What does the wedge represent?

Answer 31

Towards me (out of the page)

Question 32

What does the dotted wedge mean?

Answer 32

Going away from me (into the page)

Question 33

What is the acronym for identifying HBA and HBD

Answer 33

A(acceptors)N(not)D(donors)Y(yes)

Question 34

Why in lipinski's rule can there be 10 HBA but only 5 HBA?

Answer 34

Because all donors are also acceptors, except for amides

Question 35

What are incompatbilities?

Answer 35

antacids

Question 36

what do antacids do?

Answer 36

Alter the pH of the stomach via neutralisation, ionise drugs based on the relationship of pH and pKA and affect absorption and distribution.

Question 37

what is pKA?

Answer 37

Acid dissociation constant to the negative base log 10. Determines acids strentth

Question 38

The smaller the pKa, the. ... the acid

Answer 38

stronger

Question 39

what are some antacid drugs?

Answer 39

Maalox, Tums and Rennie