Biological Compounds

Question 1

What is the most important carbohydrate?

Answer 1

Glucose- transports energy

Question 2

What are the four biological compounds?

Answer 2

carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acids

Question 3

What are the different types of fats?

Answer 3

fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids and modified fatty acids.

Question 4

What are the 4 categories of carbohydrates?

Answer 4

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

Question 5

What is the structure of monosaccharides?

Answer 5

3 or more carbon atoms where a carbonyl group is bonded to the first carbon

Question 6

What are examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 6

glucose. ribose and fructose

Question 7

What way does an alpha glucose face?

Answer 7

down - OH on bottom

Question 8

what way does beta glucose face?

Answer 8

up- OH on top

Question 9

Describe what is meant by the 1,2 glycosidic linkage of maltose.

Answer 9

OH of Carbon 1 reacts/bonds with Caron 4 of other d-glucose.

Question 10

What are disaccharides and an example.

Answer 10

2 monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds. E.g. Sucrose (glucose and fructose)

Question 11

what are Oligosaccharides?

Answer 11

several monosaccharides bound by glycosidic linkages.

Question 12

What is an example of an oligosaccharide?

Answer 12

Starch

Question 13

what are polysaccharides

Answer 13

polymers made up of hundreds and thousands of monosaccharides.

Question 14

Describe the structure of polysaccharides.

Answer 14

Can be branched which will limit no. of H-bonds (starch and glycogen) or unbranched which are chemically stable (cellulose)

Question 15

If you have a polysaccharide of all alpha glucose how will they be drawn/ orientated?

Answer 15

all the SAME way

Question 16

If you have a polysaccharide of all beta glucose how will they be drawn/ orientated?

Answer 16

Alternating

Question 17

What type of reaction bonds monosaccharides to create the others?

Answer 17

condesation reactions

Question 18

What are the characteristics of hydrocarbons

Answer 18

insoluble in water, many covalent bonds.

Question 19

How are triglycerides made?

Answer 19

Glycerol and a fatty acid creating an ester linkage

Question 20

describe saturated fats

Answer 20

No double bonds allowing them to be tightly packed

Question 21

describe unsaturated fats

Answer 21

double bonds creating a kink in the carbon chain

Question 22

what do phosplipids create that are important to cells?

Answer 22

the lipid bilayer. Phosphate + choline = head and fatty acid forms the chain.

Question 23

differentiate between DNA and RNA

Answer 23

DNA sequence carries information that RNA uses to create protein structure.

Question 24

how many H bonds are there between A and T?

Answer 24

two

Question 25

Which DNA bases are pyrimidine?

Answer 25

Cytosine and thymine

Question 26

what type of bond joins strands together and what are they made up of?

Answer 26

Phosphodiester bonds- between sugar and phosphate

Question 27

what is the structure of an amino acid?

Answer 27

carboxyl and amino functinal group with a R (side chain)

Question 28

What is the most common isomeric form of amino acids?

Answer 28

L

Question 29

Describe the peptide linkage that builds amino acid that bonds two amino acids

Answer 29

carboxyl of one amino acids undergoes condensation reaction with amino group of the other.

Question 30

what are the six non-polar and aliphatic amino acids?

Answer 30

Glycine, alanine, proline, valine, leucine and isoleucine

Question 31

what are the three aromatic ring structure amino acids and their polarity?

Answer 31

Phe (non-polar), tyr (polar) and trp (polar)

Question 32

what are the two sulfur containing amino acids?

Answer 32

methionine and cystine

Question 33

what is primary structure?

Answer 33

order of the amino acid

Question 34

what are the two forms of secondary structure

Answer 34

Alpha helix (right handed coil) and beta pleated sheets (2 or more peptide chains aligned)

Question 35

what is tertiary structure?

Answer 35

bending and folding to create a 3D shape. Creates an outer surface for the subunits to interact with

Question 36

Quaternary Structure

Answer 36

Subunits interact via hydrophobic interactions

Question 37

what are the functions of polysaccharides?

Answer 37

store energy and provide structural materials

Question 38

what is the function of fats and oils?

Answer 38

energy storage

Question 39

what is the function of phospholipids?

Answer 39

structural, communication

Question 40

what are the functions of DNA and RNA (nucleic acid)

Answer 40

replication, transcription and translation.

Question 41

what are the types of proteins?

Answer 41

Enzymes, hormonal and regulatory, receptors, storage, structural, transport and genetic regulatory proteins

Question 42

what is an example of defensive protein, receptor protein and transport protein respectively?

Answer 42

antobodies, insulin receptors and haemoglobin.

Question 43

What is cellulose made up of?

Answer 43

UNBRANCHED chains of glucose molecules linked by beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds

Question 44

What are the glycosidic bonds of Starch?

Answer 44

alpha 1,6 and alpha 1,4 linkage

Question 45

what is the glycosidic bond of sucrose?

Answer 45

alpha 1,2

Question 46

What is the glycosidic bond of maltose?

Answer 46

alpha 1,4 linkage

Question 47

What two monosaccharides make up maltose?

Answer 47

alpha and beta glucose

Question 48

what two monosaccharides make up lactose?

Answer 48

galactose and glucose

Question 49

what two monosaccharides make up sucrose?

Answer 49

fructose and glucose

Question 50

Describe properties of Secondary structure.

Answer 50

It is important to have ability for peptide bonds to form H bonds, the steric influence of amino acid residues and the hydrophobic/philic character.

Question 51

Order to which amino acids are linked together in a protein =

Answer 51

primary structure

Question 52

regions of ordered structure =

Answer 52

secondary structure

Question 53

What is the strongest form of intermolecular (between atoms) formed involving amino acid serine?

Answer 53

hydrogen bond

Question 54

what is DNA made of?

Answer 54

nucleotide monophosphates

Question 55

What is a Heterodimeric Protein?

Answer 55

two protein subunits that differ from each other

Question 56

What are fats, lipids and steroids made up of in the body?

Answer 56

lipids

Question 57

What is the role of polarity in protein structure?

Answer 57

polar= charged and hydrophilic, non-polar= uncharged and hydrophobic, H-bonds strongest and proved stability

Question 58

How do amino acids mainatin stability in proteins?

Answer 58

Form covalent bond linkages that bind the peptides together.

Question 59

Give four examples of lipids.

Answer 59

In vitiman A, phospholipids, triglcerols and steroids

Question 60

How is glucose stored in the body?

Answer 60

in glycogen

Question 61

How are fats transported around the body?

Answer 61

in lipoproteins