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BPK 140 > Drugs and Alcohol > Flashcards

Drugs and Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

drugs

A

Any chemical other than food intended to affect the structure or function of the body.

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2
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

A drug that can alter a person’s consciousness or experience.

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3
Q

intoxication

A

The state of being mentally affected by a chemical (literally, a state of being poisoned).

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4
Q

addictive behaviours

A

Compulsive behaviours that are both rewarding and reinforcing, and are often pursued to the marginalization or exclusion of other activities and responsibilities.

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5
Q

addiction

A

A chronic disease that disrupts the brain’s system of motivation and reward; characterized by a compulsive desire and increasing need for a substance or behaviour, and by harm to the individual and/or society.

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6
Q

tolerance

A

Lower sensitivity to a drug or substance so that a given dose no longer exerts the usual effect and larger doses are needed.

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7
Q

withdrawal

A

Physical and psychological symptoms that follow the interrupted use of a drug on which a user is physically dependent; symptoms may be mild or life threatening.

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8
Q

pharmacy

A

The art of compounding drugs from various substances.

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9
Q

pharmacology

A

The science and study of drugs.

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10
Q

neurotransmitters

A

Brain chemicals that transmit nerve impulses.

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11
Q

pharmacological properties

A

The overall effects of a drug on a person’s behaviour, psychology, and chemistry.

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12
Q

dose-response function

A

The relationship between the amount of a drug taken and the intensity and type of the resulting effect.

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13
Q

time-action function

A

The relationship between the time elapsed since a drug was taken and the intensity of its effect.

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14
Q

high

A

The subjectively pleasing effects of a drug, usually felt quite soon after the drug is taken.

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15
Q

placebo effect

A

A response to an inert or innocuous medication given in place of an active drug.

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16
Q

opioids

A

Any of several natural or synthetic drugs that relieve pain and cause drowsiness or euphoria; examples are morphine, heroin, and fentanyl; also called a narcotic.

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17
Q

euphoria

A

An exaggerated feeling of well-being.

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18
Q

depressants

A

Drugs that decrease nervous or muscular activity, causing drowsiness or sleep; also known as sedative-hypnotics.

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19
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord.

20
Q

sedation

A

The induction of a calm, relaxed, often sleepy state.

21
Q

tranquillizers

A

Central nervous system (CNS) depressants that reduce tension and anxiety.

22
Q

anaesthetics

A

Drugs that produce a loss of sensation with or without a loss of consciousness.

23
Q

stimulants

A

Drugs that increase nervous or muscular activity.

24
Q

state dependence

A

A situation in which information learned in a drug-induced state is difficult to recall when the effect of the drug wears off.

25
Q

psychosis

A

A severe mental disorder characterized by a distortion of reality; symptoms might include delusions or hallucinations.

26
Q

depersonalization

A

A state in which a person loses the sense of reality or perceives their body as unreal.

27
Q

hallucinogens

A

Drugs that alter perception, feelings, or thoughts; examples are LSD, mescaline, and PCP.

28
Q

synaesthesia

A

A condition in which a stimulus evokes not only the sensation appropriate to it but also another sensation of a different character, such as when a colour evokes a specific smell.

29
Q

altered states of consciousness

A

Profound changes in mood, thinking, and perception.

30
Q

flashbacks

A

Perceptual distortions or bizarre thoughts that recur after the chemical effects of a drug have worn off.

31
Q

alcohol

A

The intoxicating ingredient in fermented or distilled beverages; a colourless, pungent liquid.

32
Q

one drink

A

The amount of a beverage that typically contains 13.6 grams of alcohol; also called a standard drink.

33
Q

metabolism

A

The chemical transformation of food and other substances in the body into energy and wastes.

34
Q

blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

A

The amount of alcohol in the blood expressed as the percentage of alcohol in a decilitre of blood; used as a measure of intoxication.

35
Q

cirrhosis

A

A disease in which the liver is severely damaged by alcohol, other toxins, or infection.

36
Q

cardiac myopathy

A

Weakening of the heart muscle through disease.

37
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

A characteristic group of birth defects caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy; can include facial deformities, heart defects, and physical and mental disabilities.

38
Q

alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)

A

Cognitive and behavioural problems seen in people whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy.

39
Q

alcohol use disorder

A

A disorder that first appeared in the DSM-5, combining the previously distinct categories of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence; diagnosed as mild, moderate, or severe depending on the number of criteria an individual meets over a 12-month period.

40
Q

hallucinations

A

False perceptions that do not correspond to external reality, such as seeing visions or hearing voices that are not there.

41
Q

delirium tremens (DTs)

A

A state of confusion brought on by the reduction of alcohol intake in a person addicted to alcohol; other symptoms are sweating, trembling, anxiety, hallucinations, and seizures.

42
Q

binge drinking

A

Periodically drinking alcohol to the point of severe intoxication; about four drinks (for women) and five drinks (for men) consumed within a period of about two hours.

43
Q

Routes of Administration

A

Injecting/smoking drugs is more likely to
cause dependence
– Strong stimulus-response pairing
– They wear off more quickly
– Users may take more frequent doses
* Injecting drugs is more likely to transmit
infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV
* Smoking drugs can damage the air passages

44
Q

How Drugs Affect the Brain

A

Altered effects of
neurotransmitters
* Some increase the
effects of dopamine in
the brain’s reward and
pleasure pathway
* Nicotine, cocaine,
alcohol, heroin and
amphetamines all
affect dopamine levels

45
Q

Caffeine

A

Most popular psychoactive drug
Excess consumption can
cause shaking, difficulty
concentrating, insomnia, and
irregular heartbeat
Withdrawal can cause
irritability, drowsiness and
headaches

46
Q

Nicotine

A

Tobacco use is the leading preventable
cause of disease, disability and death – Smoking is strongly associated with
CVD and lung cancer
– Carcinogens in cigarette smoke
damage DNA, and poisons weaken
tumor fighters
– Chronic smoking can also cause
bronchitis, emphysema and
reproductive complications
* If you quit before age 30, health can
become close to that of
a nonsmoker

47
Q
A

BPK 140 (6 decks)

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