Drugs + Addiction Flashcards
Are AUD and SUDs a non-communicable disease?
yes, they are preventable
What is phytochemistry?
looking at chemicals extracted by plants including the specialised compounds
humans exploited these phytochemical
Phytochemicals act on what to produce what effect?
phytochemicals act on receptors to produce psychopharmacological effects
What Phytochemical is extracted from coca leaf?
cocaine
What phytochemical is extracted from tobacco plant?
nicotine
What phytochemical is extracted from the opium poppy?
morphine, codeine, heroin
What did Siegel (2005) say about SUD?
it’s a “fourth drive”
What are the 4 ways to administer drugs?
oral ingestion
injection
Inhalation
absorption through mucus membranes
What happens during oral ingestion of drugs?
drugs dissolve in stomach
carried to intestine
absorbed in bloodstream
What are the effects like from oral ingestion?
effects are unpredictable
Where can you inject drugs?
can be injected in fat under skin (subcutaneous)
in muscle (intramuscular)
in vein (intravenous)
What are the effects like from injecting drugs?
fast and predictable
What happens when you inhale drugs?
goes through capillaries in lungs
can cause lung damage
What is a characteristic of drugs that are more addictive?
tend to have less time until psychoactive effect
what methods of administering can be most addictive?
injection and inhaling compared to consuming
How can a drug exert it’s effect?
by crossing the blood-brain barrier once it’s entered bloodstream after administration
Are psychoactive drugs lipid soluble or lipid insoluble?
lipid soluble
Some drugs are specific and will bind to what?
specific synaptic receptors
What is tolerance?
a state of decreased sensitivity to a drugs that develops because of use
What is withdrawal?
sudden elimination can trigger adverse reactions
Severity dependent on duration and degree of drug use and speed in which drug is eliminated from body
What are SUDs described as?
a chronically relapsing disorder
What is a SUD characterised by?
compulsion to seek and take
loss of control
negative emotion state
What is the pattern of SUD and AUD?
experimental use
casual usage
heavy use
compulsive usage
What does West (2006) see drug use as?
a cost benefit analysis
+ pleasurable, social aspects
- illness, hangover, death
What does Leshner et al say addiction is?
a brain disease
drugs indirectly / directly affect a pathway deep within brain
What are the 3 reward systems in the brain?
mesolimbic dopamine system
mesolimbic pathway
mesocorticol pathway
What is Robinson and Berridges (1993,2008) theory of addiction called?
incentive salience
What is incentive salience theory?
dopamine is important in process of wanting drugs but not liking it
dopamine attributes incentive salience (importance) to a stimulus
exaggerated dopamine response manifests as incentive salience
What process mediates classical conditioned incentive motivational processes?
sensitisation
What is cognitive dysfunction aka lack of inhibitory control?
idea that self control becomes disminished while drug salience, learned responses and motivation to obtain drugs increase
What is chronic drug use associated with?
volumetric loss of frontal lobes
What type of studies are used to investigate substance use?
animal models
What is the name of a self reported alcohol consumption test?
bogus taste test
What is craving?
an intense desire for something
What is the name of the two questionnaires used to look at craving for alcohol?
the Desire for Alcohol Questionnaire
Alcohol Urge Questionnaire
What is the issue of using students to measure alcohol usage?
they are overrepresented
there alcohol usage is not normal
What is the alcohol priming effect?
small doses of alcohol on subsequent alcohol-seeking behaviour
what is the alcohol priming effect dependent on?
dose
What did Wit and Chutuape (1993) find from dosage increase?
a 0.5g/kg dose increased desire for alcohol over a 0.25g/kg dose
What does an alcohol condition look at?
anticipated + pharmacological effects
What does a placebo condition look at?
anticipated effects
What does a control condition look at?
not anticipated or pharmacological effects
