drugs

Question 1

Polyenes (Antifungal drug)

Answer 1

Combines with the sterols in fungal plasma membranes
toxic to the kidneys
less toxic when administered encapsulated in lipids (liposomes)

Amphotericin B -
Combines with sterols, excessive permeability, kills
Fungi have ergosterol in membrane
Animals have cholesterol in membrane
Bacteria have no sterols in membrane

Question 2

Azoles - inhibits synthesis of plasma membrane (Antifungal drug)

Answer 2

Clotrimazole and miconazole given topically for yeast
and athlete’s foot
Ketoconazole is given orally for systemic infections
Voriconazole can penetrate blood-brain barrier to treat
Aspergillosis

Question 3

Allyamines - Inhibit synthesis of plasma membrane (Antifungal drug)

Answer 3

Terbinafines - naftifine
New class used for those resistant to azoles

Question 4

Echinocandins - Inhibits synthesis of chitin
(Antifungal drug)

Answer 4

Capofungin (Candidiasis)
Inhibits synthesis of chitin cell wall

Question 5

Griseofulvin (Antifungal drug)

Answer 5

Active against superficial dermatophytic fungal infections of skin, hair, and nails
Given orally
Binds selectively to the keratin found in skin, hair follicles and nails
Interferes with mitosis to inhibit fungi

Question 6

Diflucan (Antifungal drug)

Answer 6

Yeast infection - 1 tablet - shuts down a fungal cytochrome (E.T.S.)

Question 7

Chloroquine / Hydroxychloroquine
(Antiprotozoan Drug)

Answer 7

Widely used for malaria
During RBC stage of Plasmodium

Question 8

Flagyl - metronidazole (Antiprotozoan Drug)

Answer 8

Widely used antiprotozoan - Giardia
good also for obligate anaerobes
Clostridium difficile

Question 9

Niclosamide (Antihelminthic drug)

Answer 9

Tapeworms from raw fish
inhibits ATP production

Question 10

Praziquantel (Antiprotozoan Drug)

Answer 10

Tapeworms
Alter permeability of their plasma membrane &they undergo muscular spasms and become more susceptible to attack by the immune system

Question 11

Mebendazole (Antiprotozoan Drug)

Answer 11

Used for common intestinal worms
Inhibits absorption of nutrients and therefore starves to death

Question 12

Ivermectin (Antiprotozoan Drug)

Answer 12

Used for intestinal roundworms and heartworms
Paralyzes the organism so it will ‘Pass’
Binds to glutamate-gated chloride ion channels,
increased flow of chloride ions paralyzes the affected
tissue eventually killing the invertebrate parasite
In mammals, these channels are only in the brain and
spinal cord and ivermectin cannot cross the brain-
blood barrier

Question 13

Pyrantel pamoate (Antiprotozoan Drug)

Answer 13

Kills intestinal roundworms
Neuromuscular block

Question 14

Amantadine, Zimantadine (Antivirals)

Answer 14

Blocks penetration and uncoating
used against Influenza A virus

Question 15

Tamiflu (Antiprotozoan Drug)

Answer 15

A neuraminidase inhibitor
neuraminidase - A protein on the surface of both influenza A and B
Needed for attachment to host cell
Needed for release from host cell after budding
Use within first 2 days of flu

Question 16

Purine and Pyrimidine Analogs (Antiprotozoan Drug)

Answer 16

Synthetic nucleotides that interfere with RNA or DNA
synthesis (look-alike)
Cidofovir - smallpox

Question 17

Ribavirin and acyclovir (Antiprotozoan Drug)
Purine and Pyrimidine Analogs

Answer 17

Herpesviruses
expensive
Not active until acted upon by enzymes made in viral infected cell thus giving more antiviral specificity

Question 18

Zidovudine (AZT), Tenofovir (Antiprotozoan Drug)
Purine and Pyrimidine Analogs

Answer 18

Thymine with no hydroxyl
Halts reverse transcriptase
Retroviruses Ex. HIV

Question 19

Enzyme inhibitors (Antiprotozoan Drug)

Answer 19

Indinavir, saquinavir
inhibits viral protease
HIV chemotherapy

Question 20

Interferons (IFN’s)

Answer 20

Class of similar antiviral proteins
Produced by animal cells after viral infection
Process-
Virus infects a host cell (not viral-specific)
The infected cell releases interferon
Interferon reacts with the receptors on neighboring
cells