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PID > Drug Therapy > Flashcards

Drug Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Define antimicrobial.

A

-any substance of natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic origin that kills/inhibits growth of microorganisms
-little damage to host

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2
Q

Define antibiotic.

A

-produced by microorganisms (soil dwelling)
-capacity in dilute solution to selectively inhibit the growth/kill other microorganisms
-communication between microorganisms
-inhibition of potential competitive microorganisms

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3
Q

Describe prophylactic use.

A

-treatment of healthy herd to prevent infection

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4
Q

Describe metaphylactic use.

A

-treatment of diseased herd to cure infection in some & prevent infection in others

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5
Q

Describe growth promotion in the US.

A

-treatment of healthy animals with low (sub-therapeutic) concentrations in feed
-improves growth rate, efficiency of feed utilization & improve reproduction

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6
Q

Describe growth promotion in EU.

A

-EU banned use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP)
-elimination of AGP = rise in prescribed vet antimicrobial for preventative use
-to address preventative use of antibiotics, regulators introduced a “yellow card” system

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7
Q

Describe growth promotion in the FDA.

A

-promote use of imp antimicrobial drugs in food animals
-document to phase out use of antimicrobial for production purposes
enhance growth/improve feed efficiency

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8
Q

Describe what the FDA does to change growth promotion.

A

-remove use of antimicrobial drugs for production purposes
-when appropriate use treatment, control, or prevention uses
-change marketing status from OTC to veterinary feed directive for drugs administered through feed or to prescription status for drugs administered through water

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9
Q

What are antibiotic alternatives?

A
  1. Probiotics
  2. Prebiotics
  3. Organic acids
  4. Phytogenics (essential oils, oleoresins)
  5. Enzymes
  6. Hyperimmune IgY
  7. Antimicrobial peptides
  8. Others (bacteriophages, clay)
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10
Q

Describe classification of antibacterial agents.

A

-chemical structure
-origin
-spectrum
-mode of action
-anti-microbial effect

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11
Q

Describe the chemical structure of antibiotics.

A
  1. Macrolide (ex. Erythromycin)
  2. Aminoglycoside (ex. Gentamicin)
  3. Tetracycline (ex. HCL)
  4. Beta Lactams
  5. Sulfonamides & dipyrimidine
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12
Q

Describe the origin of antibiotics.

A

-natural: produced by fungi & bacteria “true”
-semi-synthetic: chemically altered natural compounds
-synthetic: chemically designed by humans

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13
Q

Describe broad spectrum antimicrobials.

A

-antimicrobial against gram + & gram - microorganisms
(EX: tetracycline, chloramphenicol, 3rd gen fluoroquinolone, cephalosporin)

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14
Q

Describe narrow-spectrum antimicrobials.

A

-antimicrobials with limited activity against particular species of microorganisms
(EX. Penicillin, polymyxin)

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15
Q

Describe the antimicrobial spectrum.

A

-gram pos
-gram neg
-aerobe
-anaerobe
-intracellular
-mycoplasma
-Protozoa
-fungi

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16
Q

Describe cell wall synthesis inhibitors.

A

(EX: beta-lactam antibiotics like penn, amp, cephalosporin, carbapenem, monobactam)
-promote autolysin activity -> cell lysis
-inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis by binding to PBP’s involved in synthesis

17
Q

Describe protein synthesis inhibitors.

A

(EX: aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicol)
-inhibit 50s or 30s ribosomal chromosome

18
Q

Describe bactericidal drugs.

A

-kill microorganisms & reduce total # of viable bacteria

19
Q

Describe bacteriostatic drugs.

A

-inhibit growth & multiplication of bacteria
-allows host immune system to complete pathogen elimination
-drugs can be both bactericidal or bacteriostatic depending on:
>drug conc
>presence of other drugs
>bacterial species

20
Q

Describe antiviral drugs.

A

-interfere with ability of virus to:
>infiltrate target cell
>target diff stages of replication & synthesis of components
-synthesize antibodies or administer natural antiserum

21
Q

Describe immune system stimulation.

A

-interferons, class of proteins that has antiviral effects & modulate functions of immune system

22
Q

Describe anthelminthics.

A

Ideally:
-orally effective
-effective in single dose
-inexpensive
-wide safety margin with high toxicity to worms but not host
-no/low tissue residue

[ex: benzimidazoles (mebendazole, albendazole), ivermectin, praziquantel]

23
Q

Describe vermicide.

A

Anthelmintics that kill infesting helminths.

24
Q

Describe vermifuges.

A

Anthelmintics that expel infesting helminths.

25
Q

What are the factors affecting drug choice?

A
  1. Infection: nature, location, severity, susceptibility of causal pathogen
  2. Antimicrobial action & effect: variables influencing clinical response
  3. Experience: of a vet
  4. Cost: of treatment
  5. Compliance
  6. Toxicity: risk of adverse effects, withdrawal period
  7. Host: species, health, status, age, “value”
  8. Pharmacokinetic drug: formulation, preparations, route of administration, dosage
26
Q

Describe the pros & cons of single or combination drug therapy.

A

Disadvantage of single drugs:
-high dose
-toxicity
-altered cell metabolism
-drug resistance

Advantages of combinatorial drugs:
-require lower dose
-synergistic response
-decrease probability of resistance evolution
-broad spectrum of action
-multiple targets

27
Q

Describe antimicrobial selection.

A
  1. Mixed population of bacteria = one individual may have a gene providing resistance to an antibiotic
  2. When the antibiotic is administered = all of the susceptible pathogens are killed
  3. Resistant individuals = freed from resource constraints & multiplies
  4. After antibiotic course = susceptible individuals return = resistance gene is spread
28
Q

Describe co-resistance.

A

Co-existence of multiple genes or mutations encoding resistance to diff drugs within same strain or genetic element.

29
Q

Describe cross-resistance.

A

Resistance against one compound = automatically resistant against another compound
>same chemical group
>EX: macrolides, phenicols, lincomycins

30
Q

Describe co-selection.

A

Selection of multiple resistance genes when one gene is selected.
-EX: Res A gives resistance to antibiotic A

31
Q

Describe the hotspots for antimicrobial selection.

A

-antibiotic pollution coupled w contamination by heavy metals & other chemicals
-promote development of resistance mechanisms (co-selection)

32
Q

What are the 3 types of AMR in vet med?

A

PID (9 decks)

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