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Pharmacy (Drugs & Drug Therapy) > Drug Stem Names > Flashcards

Drug Stem Names Flashcards

1
Q

This stem (-afil) is a phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor

Generic – Sidenafil (1)
Generic – Tadalafil (2)

A

> Brand – Viagra® (1), Cialis® (2)
Class – phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors
Background – common cause is by insufficient penis blood flow
Pharmacology – prolong nitric oxide actively blocks enzyme PDE-5, expanding blood vessels and increases blood flow, and making beneficiaries when present to the lungs and penis.
Indications – erectile dysfunction
Side effects – hypotension, priapism (persistent and painful penis erection)
Interactions – hypotension increase with blood vessel and/or lower blood pressure and nitroglycerin drugs, and epistaxis (nosebleed) increase with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs

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2
Q

Stem (-afil)

Generic – Vardenafil

A

> Brand – Levitra®, Staxyn®
Class – phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors
Background – common cause is by insufficient penis blood flow
Pharmacology – prolong nitric oxide actively blocks enzyme PDE-5, expanding blood vessels and increases blood flow, and making beneficiaries when present to the lungs and penis.
Indications – erectile dysfunction
Side effects – hypotension, priapism (persistent and painful penis erection)
Interactions – hypotension increase from blood vessel and/or lower blood pressure and nitroglycerin drugs, and epistaxis (nosebleed) increase with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs

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3
Q

Stem (-azepam or azolam)

Generic -- Alprazolam (1)
Generic -- Chlordiazepoxide (2)
Generic -- Clobazam (3)
Generic -- Clonazepam (4)  
Generic -- Lorazepam (5)  
Generic -- Midazolam (6)
Generic -- Temazepam (7)
Generic -- Triazolam (8)
A

> Brand – Xanax® (1), Librium® (2), Onfi® (3), Klonopin® (4), Ativan® (5), Versed® (6), Restoril® (7), Halcion® (8)
Class – benzodiazepines
Background – two benzodiazepines receptor types: 1) BNZ₁ (promoting sleep), 2) BNZ₂ (promoting muscle relaxation)
Pharmacology – BNZ₁ and BNZ₂ bind by enhancing the GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) effect.
Indications – anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal
Side effects – drowsiness, somnolence, dependency
Interactions – drowsiness increase from sedative-hypnotics, opioids, anticonvulsants drugs, and alcohol
(C-IV)

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4
Q

Stem (-azepam or azolam)

Generic – Diazepam

A

> Brand – Valium®, Diastat®
Class – benzodiazepines
Background – two benzodiazepines receptor types: 1) BNZ₁ (promoting sleep), 2) BNZ₂ (promoting muscle relaxation)
Pharmacology – BNZ₁ and BNZ₂ bind by enhancing the GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) effect.
Indications – anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal
Side effects – drowsiness, somnolence, dependency
Interactions – drowsiness increase from sedative-hypnotics, opioids, anticonvulsants drugs, and alcohol
(C-IV)

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5
Q

Stem (-azole)

Generic – Clotrimazole (1)
Generic – Fluconazole (2)
Generic – Ketoconazole (3)

A

> Brand – Lotrimin® (1) (OTC), Diflucan® (2), Nizoral® (3)
Class – antifungal
Indications – fungal infections (jock itch, athlete’s foot, and ringworm)

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6
Q

Stem (-azole)

Generic – Miconazole

A

> Brand – Monistat® (vaginal cream), Zeasorb®
Class – antifungal
Indications – fungal infections (jock itch, athlete’s foot, and ringworm)
(OTC)

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7
Q

Stem (-barbital)

Generic – Phenobarbital
Generic – Pentobarbital
Generic – Secobarbital
Generic – Amobarbital

A

> Class – barbiturate (or barbiturate derivative)

> Indications – seizures

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8
Q

Stem (-dronate)

Generic – Ibandronate (1)
Generic – Alendronate (2)
Generic – Risedronate (3)

A

> Brand – Boniva® (1), Fosamax® (2), Actonel® (3)
Class – bisphosphonate
Indications - osteoporosis

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9
Q

Stem (-floxacin)

Generic – Ciprofloxacin (1)
Generic – Levofloxacin (2)
Generic – Moxifloxacin (3)

A

> Brand – Cipro® (1), Levaquin® (2), Avelox® (3)
Class – fluoroquinolone antibiotics
Background – bacteria and humans are living cells, but there are several structural and physiological differences between them
Pharmacology – many different antibiotic classes exploits the differences between bacterial and human cells.
Indications – bacterial infections
Side effects – diarrhea
Interactions – increases warfarin of increased bleeding, and decreases oral contraceptives effects, and impair antibiotic absorption from electrolytes within antacids and multivitamins
(Finish all medication unless directed otherwise)

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10
Q

This stem (-gliptin) is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor that increases the delay of incretins (hormones signaling the pancreas the insulin release in the human body) for patients who have type II diabetes. Side effects include hypoglycemia, muscle pain and SJS (rare). Drug interactions can increase hypoglycemia risks when used with other diabetic medications. What brand names match the generic names of this stem?

Generic: Alogliptin (1), Linagliptin (2), Sexagliptin (3), Sitagliptin (4)

A

Brand:

  • Nesina® (1)
  • Tradjenta® (2)
  • Onglyza® (3)
  • Januvia® (4)
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11
Q

Stem (-icillin)

Generic – Amoxicillin (1)
Generic – Penicillin (2)

A

> Brand – Amoxil® (1), Veetids® (2)
Class – antibiotics
Background – bacteria and humans are living cells, but there are several structural and physiological differences between them
Pharmacology – there are different antibiotic classes where each one exploits a difference between bacterial and human cells.
Indications – bacterial infections
Side effects – diarrhea
Interactions – increases warfarin of increased bleeding, and decreases oral contraceptives effects, and impair antibiotic absorption from electrolytes within antacids and multivitamins
(Finish all medication unless directed otherwise)

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12
Q

Stem (-icillin)

Generic – Ampicillin
Generic – Methicillin

A

> Class – antibiotics

> Indications – bacterial infections

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13
Q

Stem (-isone)

Generic – Prednisone (1)
Generic – Methylprednisone
Generic – Hydrocortisone

A

> Brand – Deltasone® (1)
Class – corticosteroid
Indications – immune system, inflammation

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14
Q

This stem (-olol) is a beta receptor antagonist (beta-blocker) that prevents beta-receptor activation (increases of heart rate, heartbeat forces and airway lung dilations) and relaxes blood vessels for patients with hypertension, arrhythmias (irregular heart beats or abnormal rhythm heart conditions), angina, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction and migraines. Side effects include bradycardia (abnormally slow heart action), asthma or COPD exacerbation, hypotension and fatigue. Drug interactions can interfere with some of the asthma meditation effects, and hypotension can increase when other lower blood pressure drugs are combined. What brand names match the generic names of this stem?

Generic names: Acebutatol (1), Atenolol (2), Carvedilol (3), Labetalor (4), Metoprolol succinate (5), Metoprolol tartrate (6), Propranolol (7), Sotalol (8)

A

Brand names:

  • Sectral® (1)
  • Tenormin® (2)
  • Coreg® (3)
  • Trandate® (4)
  • Toprol XL® (5) (ER)
  • Lopressor® (6) (IR)
  • Inderal® (7)
  • Betapace® (8)
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15
Q

Stem (-olol)

Generic – Timolol (1)
Generic – Betaxolol (2)

A

> Brand – Timoptic® (1), Betoptic S® (2)
Class – ophthalmic beta-blockers
Background – aqueous humor production contributes higher intraocular pressure
Pharmacology – reduces aqueous humor production
Indications – glaucoma
Side effects – bradycardia, hypotension, asthma and COPD exacerbations
Interactions – increases hypotension and bradycardia with other drugs to lower blood pressure and heart rate
(For the eye)

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16
Q

Stem (-oprost)

Generic – Bimatoprost (1)
Generic – Latanoprost (2)
Generic – Travoprost (3)

A

> Brand – Lumigan® (1), Xalatan® (2), Travatan® (3)
Class – ophthalmic prostaglandin analogs
Background – front eye filled with aqueous humor fluid flows in and out of the eye in equal proportions, while maintaining even eye pressure. Glaucoma patients with aqueous humor fluid outflow leads to elevated eye pressure, and optic nerve damage overtime from intracular pressure. Minor vision loss is common, and will lead to complete blindness if left untreated
Pharmacology – increases aqueous humor outflow, and decreases eye pressure. Prostaglandins increases the outflow of aqueous humor within the eye
Indications – glaucoma (a disease characterized by increased intraocular pressure)
Side effects – eyelash growth, dry eye, blurry vision, iris discoloration, eye inflammation
(For the eye)

17
Q

This stem (-osin) is an alpha₁ receptor antagonist (alpha₁ blocker) that prevents alpha₁ blocker activation (blood vessel constriction) to relaxing the bladder neck and prostate muscles for patients with hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Side effects include orthostatic hypotension (fast blood pressure drops from sitting to standing position), dizziness, syncope (temporary loss of consciousness). Drugs interactions can increase hypertension with reduce blood pressure drugs. What brand names match the generic names of this stem?

Generic names: Afluzosin (1), Doxazosin (2), Silodosin (3), Tamsulosin (4), Terazosin (5)

A

Brand names:

  • Uroxatral® (1)
  • Cardura® (2)
  • Rapaflo® (3)
  • Flomax® (4)
  • Hytrin® (5)
18
Q

Stem (-prazole)

Generic -- Dexlansoprazole (1)
Generic -- Pantoprazole (2)
Generic -- Esomeprazole (3)
Generic -- Lansoprazole (4)
Generic -- Omeprazole (5)
Generic -- Rabeprazole (6)
A

> Brand – Dexilant® (Rx) (1), Protonix® (Rx) (2), Nexium® (OTC) (3), Prevacid® (OTC) (4), Prilosic® (OTC) (5), AicPhex® (OTC) (6)
Class – proton pump inhibitors (PPISs)
Background – “proton pumps” are responsible for producing acid
Pharmacology – proton pumps inhibitors interfere with its function, and decrease the amount of stomach acid
Indications – stomach acid production, heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Side effects – abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, bone fractures
Interactions – omeprazole reduces the Plavix® (Clopidogrel) effect. As some drugs rely on stomach acid optimal absorption. Since PPIs reduce stomach acid, absorption can also be impaired

19
Q

This stem (-pril) is an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that reduces angiotensin to relax the blood vessels and avoid salt retention to help patients with hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction and diabetes. Side effects include nonproductive cough, hypotension, hyperkalemia, and anaphylaxis. Drug interactions can cause high potassium which can lead to life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. It cannot be used during pregnancy. What brand names match the generic names of this stem?

Generic names: benazepril (1), enalapril (2), lisinopril (3), quinapril (4), ramipril (5)

A

Brand names:

  • Lotensin® (1)
  • Vasotec® (2)
  • Prinivil® (3), Zestril® (3)
  • Accupril® (4)
  • Altace® (5)
20
Q

This stem (-sartan) is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARBs) that reduces angiotensin effect and avoids receptor binding; relaxing blood vessels and reducing salt retention to help patients with hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke and renal diabetes protection. Side effects include fatigue, dizziness, hyperkalemia, hypotension and anaphylaxis. Drug interactions can increase potassium levels and increase hyperkalemia risks. It cannot be used during pregnancy. What brand names match the generic names of this stem?

Generic names: azilsartan (1), candesartan (2), irbesartan (3), losartan (4), olmesartan (5), telmisartan (6), valsartan (7)

A

Brand names:

  • Edarbi® (1)
  • Atacand® (2)
  • Avopro® (3)
  • Cozaar® (4)
  • Benicar® (5)
  • Micardis® (6)
  • Diovan® (7)
21
Q

Stem (-setron)

Generic – Ondansetron (1)
Generic – Palonosetron
Generic – Granisetron

A

> Brand – Zofran® (1)
Class – serotonin antagonist (5-HT₃)
Indications – nausea, vomiting

22
Q

This stem (-statin) is an HMG-CoA reductive inhibitor (statins) that inhibits the HMG-CoA reductase enzymes from the dietary intake of food and production by the liver to produce cholesterol to help patients with high cholesterol. Side effects include muscle aches and myopathy. Drug interactions when consuming large amount of grapefruit juices can interfere with the metabolism and elimination of statins, which can cause statins to accumulate in the body, and eventually leading serious health problems. It cannot be used during pregnancy, as they are described as a “category x”. What brand names match the generic names of this stem?

Generic names: Atorvastatin (1), Fluvastatin (2), Lovastatin (3), Pitavastatin (4), Pravastatin (5), Rosuvastatin (6), Simvastatin (7)

A

Brand names:

  • Lipitor® (1)
  • Lescol® (2)
  • Mevacor® (3)
  • Livalo® (4)
  • Pravachol® (5)
  • Crestor® (6)
  • Zocor® (7)
23
Q

This stem (-tidine) is histamine-2 receptor antagonist (H₂-blockers) that prevents the histamine from binding to H₂ receptors, and prevents increases of stomach acid production for patients with heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Side effects include constipation and gynecomastia (with cimetidine only). Drug interactions can sometimes rely on stomach acid for absorption, while other drugs may be impaired from absorption. This stem is described as an over-the-counter (OTC). What brand names match the generic names of this stem?

Generic: Cimetidine (1), Famotidine (2), Nizatidine (3), Ranitidine (4)

A

Brand:

  • Tagamet® (1)
  • Pepcid® (2) (antacids)
  • Axid® (3)
  • Zantac® (4)
24
Q

Stem (-triptan)

Generic -- Sumatriptan (1)
Generic -- Rizatriptan (2)
Generic -- Zolmitriptan 
Generic -- Naratriptan 
Generic -- Eletriptan (5)
A

> Brand – Imitrex® (1), Maxalt® (2), Relpax® (5)
Class – serotonin agonist (5-HT agonist)
Indications - migraine headaches

25
Q

Stem (-vir)

Generic -- Ritonavir (1)
Generic -- Lopinavir 
Generic -- Acyclovir (2)
Generic -- Valacyclovir (3)
Generic -- Oseltamivir (4)
A

> Brand – Norvir® (1) (oral), Zovirax® (2), Valtrex (3), Tamiflu® (4)
Class – antiviral
Indications - viral infections (e.g. shingles, genital herpes, and HIV/AIDS)

26
Q

Stem (Ceph- or Cef-)

Generic – Cefazolin (1)
Generic – Cefdinir (2)
Generic – Ceftriaxone (3)
Generic – Ceftazidime (4)

A

> Brand – Ancef® (1) (injection), Omnecef® (2), Rocephin® (injection), Fortaz® (4) (injection)
Indications – bacterial infections

27
Q

Stem (Ceph- or Cef-)

Generic – Cephalexin

A

> Brand – Keflex®
Class – cephalosporin antibiotics
Background – bacteria and humans are living cells, but there are several structural and physiological differences between them
Pharmacology – there are different antibiotic classes where each one exploits a difference between bacterial and human cells.
Indications – bacterial infections
Side effects – diarrhea
Interactions – increases warfarin of increased bleeding. Decreases oral contraceptives effects, and impair antibiotic absorption from electrolytes within antacids and multivitamins
(Finish all medication unless directed otherwise)

Pharmacy (Drugs & Drug Therapy) (15 decks)

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