Drug List Flashcards
What is the target for atropine and interaction
Muscarinic AChR
Antagonist
What is the mechanism of action for atropine
Blocks ACh action at the parasympathetic terminals
reversible and non-specific
What are the uses of atropine
-cycloplegia (paralysis of ciliary muscles in eye)
-anterior uveitis
-symptomatic bradycardia (due to over use of beta blockers)
-treatment of poisoning by insecticide
GI disorders
What are the side effects of atropine
Constipation
dizziness
drowsiness
dry mouth
dyspepsia
flushing
headache
nausea
palpitations
skin reactions
tachycardia
urinary disorders
vision disorders
vomiting
What is the target and action of ipratropium
Muscarinic AChR antagonist
What is the mechanism of action of ipratropium
Blocks ACh induced bronchoconstriction
What are the uses of ipratropium
(inhaled)
-reversible airway obstruction
-COPD
-acute bronchospasms
-severe or life threatening acute asthma
-rhinitis
What are the side effects of ipratropium
Arrhythmias
constipation
cough
dizziness
dry mouth
headache
nausea
GI disorders
What is the target and action of tiotropium
Muscarinic AChR antagonist
What is the mechanism of action of tiotropium
Blocks ACh induced bronchoconstriction
What is the use of tiotropium
inhaled
COPD maintenance
What are the side effects of tiotropium
Arrhythmias
constipation
cough
dizziness
dry mouth
headache
nausea
GI disorders
risk of infection
What is the drug target and action of salbutamol
B2 adrenergic receptor
agonist
SABA
What is the mechanism of action of salbutamol
Relaxes smooth muscle in the airways, leading to bronchodilation
What are the uses of salbutamol
Relief of bronchospasm in acute and chronic asthma and COPD
What are the side effects of salbutamol
Tremor
palpitations
tachycardia
anxiety
Muscle cramps
What is the target and action of salmeterol
B2 adrenergic receptor agonist (LABA)
What is the mechanism of action of salmeterol
Relaxes smooth muscle in the airways, leading to bronchodilation
What are the uses of salmeterol
-Reversible airways obstruction in patients requiring long-term regular bronchodilator therapy
-Nocturnal asthma in patients requiring long-term regular bronchodilator therapy
-Prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm in patients requiring long-term regular bronchodilator therapy
-Chronic asthma only in patients who regularly use an inhaled corticosteroid (not for immediate relief of acute asthma)
What are the side effects of salmeterol
Tremor
palpitations
tachycardia
anxiety
Muscle cramps
What is the target and action of formoterol
B2 adrenergic receptor agonist
What is the mechanism of action of formoterol
Relaxes smooth muscle in the airways, leading to bronchodilation
LABA
What are the uses of formoterol
-Reversible airways obstruction in patients requiring long-term regular bronchodilator therapy
-Nocturnal asthma in patients requiring long-term regular bronchodilator therapy
-Prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm in patients requiring long-term regular bronchodilator therapy
-Chronic asthma only in patients who regularly use an inhaled corticosteroid (not for immediate relief of acute asthma)
What are the side effects of formoterol
Tremor
palpitations
tachycardia
anxiety
Muscle cramps
dizziness
nausea
What is the target and action of atenolol
B1 adrenergic receptor antagonist
What is the mechanism of action of atenolol
Reduces heart rate and blood pressure by blocking the release of NA and decreases contraction of cardiac tissue
What are the uses of atenolol
-Hypertension
-Angina
-Arrhythmias
-Migraine prophylaxis
-Early intervention within 12 hours of myocardial infarction
What are the side effects of atenolol
Abdominal discomfort
bradycardia
confusion
depression
diarrhoea
dizziness
dry eye (reversible on discontinuation)
dyspnoea
erectile dysfunction
fatigue; headache
heart failure
nausea
paraesthesia
peripheral coldness
rash (reversible on discontinuation)
Raynaud’s phenomenon
sleep disorders
syncope
visual impairment
vomiting
GI disorders
What is the drug target and action of propranolol
B1 and B2 adrenergic antagonist
What is the mechanism of action of propranolol
Reduces heart rate and blood pressure by blocking the release of NA and decreases contraction of cardiac tissue
What are the uses of propranolol
-hypertension
-primary prevention of cirrhosis
-angina
-hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
-anxiety with palpation and tremor
-prophylaxis
-arrythymias
What are the side effects of propranolol
Bradycardia
fatigue
cold extremities
bronchospasm
What is the drug target and action of theophylline
(Methylxanthine)
Phosphodiesterase (enzyme) inhibitor
What is the mechanism of action of theophylline
Competitively inhibits type III and type IV phosphodiesterase (the enzyme responsible for breaking down cyclic AMP in smooth muscle cells) causing bronchodilation due to smooth muscle relaxation
What are the uses of theophylline
Asthma
COPD
What are the side effects of theophylline
Anxiety
arrhythmias
diarrhoea
dizziness
gastrointestinal discomfort
gastrooesophageal reflux disease
headache
hyperuricaemia
nausea
palpitations
seizure
skin reactions
sleep disorders
tremor
urinary disorders
vomiting
hypokalemia
What is the drug target and action of montelukast
Leukotriene receptor (CysLT1) antagonist
What is the mechanism of action of montelukast
-Bind to the leukotriene receptors in the smooth muscles of the respiratory airways
-prevent leukotriene from binding
-this weakens smooth muscle contraction in the respiratory tract
-decreases mucus secretion
-reduces inflammation
What are the uses of montelukast
Asthma
allergic rhinitis
What are the side effects of montelukast
Headache
abdominal pain
diarrhea
insomnia
vomiting
What is the drug target and action of beclomethasone
corticosteroid receptor agonist (inhaled)
What is the mechanism of action of beclometasone
Decreases mucus secretion, reduces inflammation and relaxes smooth muscles
-downregulate COX2 which prevent PG release
-inhibit Th2 proliferation (prevent IL-4/5 release)
What are the uses of beclometasone
-first line treatment for chronic asthma
-rhinitis
-severe inflammatory skin disorders
What are the side effects of beclometasone
-oral thrush
-hoarseness
-cough
-headache
-pneumonia (in COPD patients)
What is the drug action and target for fluticasone
corticosteroid receptor agonist (inhaled)
What is the mechanism of action of fluticasone
Decreases mucus secretion, reduces inflammation and relaxes smooth muscles
-downregulate COX2 which prevent PG release
-inhibit Th2 proliferation (prevent IL-4/5 release)
What are the uses of fluticasone
-prophylaxis of asthma
-rhinitis
-nasal polyps
-severe inflammatory skin disorders
What are the side effects of fluticasone
-oral thrush
-hoarseness
-cough
-headache
-pneumonia (in COPD patients)
What is the drug target and action of aspirin
cyclooxygenase 1 & 2 inhibitor (irreversible)
NSAID
What is the mechanism of action of aspirin
absorption in the liver
-Irreversibly inhibits COX-1 in platelets by covalent acetylation, thereby decreasing production of thromboxane A2 in platelets (anti-platelet)
-Inhibiting COX-2, thereby reducing PG production, leading to decreased inflammation, pain, and fever
What are the uses of aspirin
-Prevention of stroke and heart attack
-secondary prevention of DVT
-pyrexia
-acute migraine
-fever
What are the side effects of aspirin
-Stomach upset
-bleeding
-allergic reactions
-asthmatic attack
What is the drug target and action for ibuprofen
cyclooxygenase (COX) 1&2 inhibitor (reversible)
non-aspirin NSAID
What is the mechanism of action of ibuprofen
-Reversibly inhibits COX-1 in platelets by covalent acetylation, thereby decreasing production of thromboxane A2 in platelets
-Inhibiting COX-2, thereby reducing PG production, leading to decreased inflammation, pain, and fever
What are the uses of ibuprofen
-acute gout attack
-pain and inflammation in rheumatoid and MSK disorders
-acute migraine
-moderate pain
What are the side effects of ibuprofen
-Gastrointestinal discomfort (GI)
-skin reactions
-asthma (uncommon)
-hypersensitivity
