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Phase 2a Gold Standard > Drug list > Flashcards

Drug list Flashcards

1
Q

Indications and example of SGLT-2 inhbitor

A

Indication: DMT2, second line treatment

Example: empagliflozin

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2
Q

MoA of SGLT-2 inhibitor

A

Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors. Block reabsorption of glucose in kidney, increasing glucose excretion

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3
Q

Side effects of SGLT-2 inhibitor

A

Dehydration, UTI, genital thrush, thirst

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4
Q

Indications, Example, of DPP4 inhibitors

A

Indication: Second line dual therapy T2DM

Example: Linagliptin

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5
Q

MoA of DPP4 - inhibitor

A

MoA: Inhibits dipeptidylpeptidase-4 to increase insulin secretion and lower glucagon secretion.

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6
Q

Side effects of DPP4- inhibitor

A

Side effects: Cough, nasopharyngitis, hypoglycaemia when taken with other medication

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7
Q

What class of drug is Metformin

A

Biguanide

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8
Q

MoA of Metformin

A

Decreases gluconeogenesis, and increases peripheral utilisation of glucose (only acts in presence of insulin)

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9
Q

Side effects of Metformin

A

abdominal pain, decreased appetite, diarrhoea, altered taste
VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY

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10
Q

MoA of Aspirin

A

irreversible inhibitor of platelet cyclo-oxygenase

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11
Q

MoA of Clopidogrel/ticagrelor

A

P2Y12 ADP receptor inhibitor on platelets

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12
Q

MoA of statins

A

Inhibit HMG CoA reductase

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13
Q

MoA of PCSK9 inhibitor

A

Monoclonal antibody that inhibits PCSK9 protein in liver, improving clearance of cholesterol from blood

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14
Q

Side effects of steroid usage

A
  • Hyperglycaemia
  • Osteoporosis
  • Increased appetite/weight gain
  • Fluid retention
  • Mood changes; irritability, anxiety, depression
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15
Q

Class and Indication of bisphosphonates

A

Example: Alendronate

Indication: Osteoporosis ( postmenopausal, steroid induced and men)

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16
Q

MoA of Alendronate

A

inhibition of osteoclast formation, bone resorption and kinase activation.

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17
Q

Side Effects of Alendronate

A

Common: Abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, musculoskeletal pain, headache

Severe : Osteonecrosis of the jaw, esophageal cancer, ocular inflammation, renal impairement, heartburn

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18
Q

MoA of Bendroflumethiazide

A

inhibits sodium-chloride symporter in distal convoluted tubules
= increase in sodium and chloride excretion in urine.
= decrease in extracellular fluid volume, blood volume, and blood pressure.

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19
Q

Side Effects of Bendroflumethiazide

A

Common : Hypokalemia , Hyponatraemia , Hyperuricemia, Hyperglycaemia
n+v, dizziness, dry mouth

Severe : Erectile Dysfunction, Photosensitivity, Hearing Loss

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20
Q

Examples of thiazide and loop diuretics

A

Thiazide: Bendroflumethiazide

Loop : Furosemide, Bumetanide

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21
Q

MoA of Loop Diuretic

A

Acts on Na/K/Cl transporter on ascending limb of loop of henle.

Inhibit reabsorption of sodium, chloride and potassium ions = increased urine and decreased blood volume.

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22
Q

Side effects of furosemide

A

Common: Hypokalaemia, Hyponatraemia, Hypomagnesemia, Hypocalcaemia
N+V, Diarrhoea, Dehydration, Dizziness, Increased Urination

Severe: Agranulocytosis , Ototoxicity (damage to the inner ear, leading to hearing loss or tinnitus), hyperuricaemia

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23
Q

Name 2 contraindications for bendroflumethiazide

A

Kidney injury (All diuretics)

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

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24
Q

Drug class and indication of Atenolol

A

Class: Beta Blocker ( beta-1-selective adrenergic antagonist)

Indications: Angina, ACS, arrhythmia (AF, AFL) , Hypertension.

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25
Q

MoA of Atenolol

A
  1. Competitively binds to b-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart.
  2. By blocking effects of norepinephrine at these receptors, atenolol reduces HR, CO and BP.
  3. Decreased workload of heart
  4. Decrease in oxygen demand of heart.
  5. Inhibits RAAS = further reduction in BP.
26
Q

Contraindications of Atenolol

A

Asthma!!!
Sinus bradycardia
Cardiogenic Shock
Greater than 1st degree heart block

27
Q

Side effects of Atenolol

A

Cold Peripheries
Dizziness
Diarrhoea
Nausea
Abdo Pain

28
Q

Drug Class and Indications for Ramipril

A

Class: Ace-inhibitor

Indications: Hypertension, HF, MI

29
Q

MoA of Ramipril

A
  • Inhibits angiotensin – converting enzyme
  • Decreases angiotensin 2 formation.
  • Sympathetic activity goes down
  • Sodium and water reabsorption from kidneys reduces
  • Smooth muscles in arterioles relax.
  • = BP DECREASES.
30
Q

Side effects of Ramipril

A
  • Hypokalaemia
  • Severe Dehydration
  • AKI
  • Dry cough - switch to ARB - losartan
31
Q

Why could you have a side effect of a dry cough after the use of an Ace-i?

A

accumulation of bradykinin - switch to ARB - losartan

32
Q

Drug Class and Indications of Salbutamol

A

Class: short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist

Indications: Asthma, COPD

33
Q

MoA of Salbutamol

A

acts on beta-2 adrenergic receptors to relax the bronchial smooth muscle.

34
Q

Side effects of salbutamol

A

Tremor
palpitations
headache
muscle cramps

35
Q

contraindications for salbutamol

A

high blood pressure during pregnancy,
uterine infection,
miscarriage (in treatment of threatened abortion) or premature labour
heart disease

36
Q

Give the drug class for paractemol

A

Mild Analgesic, antipyretic

37
Q

MoA of paracetamol

A

Inhibition of cox-1 and cox-2 .
reduces prostaglandin synthesis

38
Q

Side effects of paracetamol

A

major cause of fulminant hepatitis
overdose fatal

39
Q

what is the drug class and indications of loperamide?

A

class: antidiarrheal (anti-motility agent)

indications: IBS-D , IBD

40
Q

MoA of Loperamide

A

decrease flow of fluid and electrolytes into bowel.
Slows movement of bowel, decreasing number of movements

41
Q

Contraindications of loperamide

A

constipation

42
Q

Drug class and indications of tramadol

A

Class: synthetic opioid pain reliever

Indications: short term moderate to severe pain reliver. IE: surgery or serious injury

43
Q

Drug class of tamsulosin and indications

A

class : alpha blocker

indications: BPH

44
Q

MoA of tamsulosin

A

selective alpha 1a - adrenergic receptor antagonist.
targets smooth muscle receptors of prostate and urethra.
blocking receptor relaxes smooth muscle of bladder and prostate improving urine flow

45
Q

side effect of tamsulosin

A

postural hypotension, erectile dysfunction (but more common with finasteride)

46
Q

Finasteride MoA

A

5-a-reductase inhibitor: Inhibits conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone

47
Q

Drug class and indications of dalteparin

A

Class: LMWH , anticoagulant

Indications: prophylaxis in DVT , PE - preventing risk of MI/ischaemic stroke

48
Q

MoA of dalteparin

A

inhibits antithrombin III = therefore an anticoagulant.
inhibiting formation of both Factor Xa and thrombin by antithrombin.

49
Q

Side effects of dalteparin

A

minor bruising, bleeding and pain at injection site.

50
Q

Drug class and indications of rivaroxaban

A

class: DOAC - factor Xa inhibitor

indications: 1st line prohylactically for DVT and PE

51
Q

MoA of rivaroxaban

A

binds directly to factor Xa.
Blocks amplification of coagulation cascade - prevents thrombus formation.

52
Q

Side effects of rivaroxaban

A

palpitations
n+v
tiredness,
shortness of breath
dizziness
ocassional nosebleeds, gum bleeding during brushing

53
Q

Drug class and indication of celecoxib

A

class: nsaid - cox-2 inhibitor

indications: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis

54
Q

MoA of celecoxib

A

selective inhibition of cox-2 , responsible for prostaglandin synthesis. Blocks inflammation.

55
Q

Side effect of celecoxib

A

dizziness

56
Q

Drug class and indications of diamorphine

A

Class: opoid analgesic - 2* stronger than morphine - same as heroin

indications: short term. surgical procedures, MI, terminally ill patient. relief of dyspnoea in acute pulmonary oedema

57
Q

Side effects of Diamorphine

A

tolerance
dependance
withdrawal
drowsiness/mental clouding

58
Q

MoA of Diamorphine

A

Activation of descending inhibitory pathways of CNS.

Binds to delta, kappa receptors

59
Q

Side effects of Aspirin

A

A - Asthma exacerbation
S - Salicylate sensitivity
P - Peptic ulcer
I - Intestinal bleed
R - Reyes syndrome
I - Impaired renal function
N - Noise/tinnitus

60
Q

Side effects of digoxin

A
  • nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea
  • Visual disturbance (yellow vision)
  • Bradycardia
  • Arrhythmia
  • Confusion
61
Q

Contraindications of digoxin

A
  • Ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia
  • Hypokalaemia
  • Severe heart disease (cardiomyopathies)
62
Q

What is digoxin used for

A

Heart failure and AF/AFl

Increases strength of heart contraction whilst reducing heart rate

Phase 2a Gold Standard (29 decks)

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