Drug list Flashcards
Indications and example of SGLT-2 inhbitor
Indication: DMT2, second line treatment
Example: empagliflozin
MoA of SGLT-2 inhibitor
Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors. Block reabsorption of glucose in kidney, increasing glucose excretion
Side effects of SGLT-2 inhibitor
Dehydration, UTI, genital thrush, thirst
Indications, Example, of DPP4 inhibitors
Indication: Second line dual therapy T2DM
Example: Linagliptin
MoA of DPP4 - inhibitor
MoA: Inhibits dipeptidylpeptidase-4 to increase insulin secretion and lower glucagon secretion.
Side effects of DPP4- inhibitor
Side effects: Cough, nasopharyngitis, hypoglycaemia when taken with other medication
What class of drug is Metformin
Biguanide
MoA of Metformin
Decreases gluconeogenesis, and increases peripheral utilisation of glucose (only acts in presence of insulin)
Side effects of Metformin
abdominal pain, decreased appetite, diarrhoea, altered taste
VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY
MoA of Aspirin
irreversible inhibitor of platelet cyclo-oxygenase
MoA of Clopidogrel/ticagrelor
P2Y12 ADP receptor inhibitor on platelets
MoA of statins
Inhibit HMG CoA reductase
MoA of PCSK9 inhibitor
Monoclonal antibody that inhibits PCSK9 protein in liver, improving clearance of cholesterol from blood
Side effects of steroid usage
- Hyperglycaemia
- Osteoporosis
- Increased appetite/weight gain
- Fluid retention
- Mood changes; irritability, anxiety, depression
Class and Indication of bisphosphonates
Example: Alendronate
Indication: Osteoporosis ( postmenopausal, steroid induced and men)
MoA of Alendronate
inhibition of osteoclast formation, bone resorption and kinase activation.
Side Effects of Alendronate
Common: Abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, musculoskeletal pain, headache
Severe : Osteonecrosis of the jaw, esophageal cancer, ocular inflammation, renal impairement, heartburn
MoA of Bendroflumethiazide
inhibits sodium-chloride symporter in distal convoluted tubules
= increase in sodium and chloride excretion in urine.
= decrease in extracellular fluid volume, blood volume, and blood pressure.
Side Effects of Bendroflumethiazide
Common : Hypokalemia , Hyponatraemia , Hyperuricemia, Hyperglycaemia
n+v, dizziness, dry mouth
Severe : Erectile Dysfunction, Photosensitivity, Hearing Loss
Examples of thiazide and loop diuretics
Thiazide: Bendroflumethiazide
Loop : Furosemide, Bumetanide
MoA of Loop Diuretic
Acts on Na/K/Cl transporter on ascending limb of loop of henle.
Inhibit reabsorption of sodium, chloride and potassium ions = increased urine and decreased blood volume.
Side effects of furosemide
Common: Hypokalaemia, Hyponatraemia, Hypomagnesemia, Hypocalcaemia
N+V, Diarrhoea, Dehydration, Dizziness, Increased Urination
Severe: Agranulocytosis , Ototoxicity (damage to the inner ear, leading to hearing loss or tinnitus), hyperuricaemia
Name 2 contraindications for bendroflumethiazide
Kidney injury (All diuretics)
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Drug class and indication of Atenolol
Class: Beta Blocker ( beta-1-selective adrenergic antagonist)
Indications: Angina, ACS, arrhythmia (AF, AFL) , Hypertension.
MoA of Atenolol
- Competitively binds to b-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart.
- By blocking effects of norepinephrine at these receptors, atenolol reduces HR, CO and BP.
- Decreased workload of heart
- Decrease in oxygen demand of heart.
- Inhibits RAAS = further reduction in BP.
Contraindications of Atenolol
Asthma!!!
Sinus bradycardia
Cardiogenic Shock
Greater than 1st degree heart block
Side effects of Atenolol
Cold Peripheries
Dizziness
Diarrhoea
Nausea
Abdo Pain
Drug Class and Indications for Ramipril
Class: Ace-inhibitor
Indications: Hypertension, HF, MI
MoA of Ramipril
- Inhibits angiotensin – converting enzyme
- Decreases angiotensin 2 formation.
- Sympathetic activity goes down
- Sodium and water reabsorption from kidneys reduces
- Smooth muscles in arterioles relax.
- = BP DECREASES.
Side effects of Ramipril
- Hypokalaemia
- Severe Dehydration
- AKI
- Dry cough - switch to ARB - losartan
Why could you have a side effect of a dry cough after the use of an Ace-i?
accumulation of bradykinin - switch to ARB - losartan
Drug Class and Indications of Salbutamol
Class: short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist
Indications: Asthma, COPD
MoA of Salbutamol
acts on beta-2 adrenergic receptors to relax the bronchial smooth muscle.
Side effects of salbutamol
Tremor
palpitations
headache
muscle cramps
contraindications for salbutamol
high blood pressure during pregnancy,
uterine infection,
miscarriage (in treatment of threatened abortion) or premature labour
heart disease
Give the drug class for paractemol
Mild Analgesic, antipyretic
MoA of paracetamol
Inhibition of cox-1 and cox-2 .
reduces prostaglandin synthesis
Side effects of paracetamol
major cause of fulminant hepatitis
overdose fatal
what is the drug class and indications of loperamide?
class: antidiarrheal (anti-motility agent)
indications: IBS-D , IBD
MoA of Loperamide
decrease flow of fluid and electrolytes into bowel.
Slows movement of bowel, decreasing number of movements
Contraindications of loperamide
constipation
Drug class and indications of tramadol
Class: synthetic opioid pain reliever
Indications: short term moderate to severe pain reliver. IE: surgery or serious injury
Drug class of tamsulosin and indications
class : alpha blocker
indications: BPH
MoA of tamsulosin
selective alpha 1a - adrenergic receptor antagonist.
targets smooth muscle receptors of prostate and urethra.
blocking receptor relaxes smooth muscle of bladder and prostate improving urine flow
side effect of tamsulosin
postural hypotension, erectile dysfunction (but more common with finasteride)
Finasteride MoA
5-a-reductase inhibitor: Inhibits conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
Drug class and indications of dalteparin
Class: LMWH , anticoagulant
Indications: prophylaxis in DVT , PE - preventing risk of MI/ischaemic stroke
MoA of dalteparin
inhibits antithrombin III = therefore an anticoagulant.
inhibiting formation of both Factor Xa and thrombin by antithrombin.
Side effects of dalteparin
minor bruising, bleeding and pain at injection site.
Drug class and indications of rivaroxaban
class: DOAC - factor Xa inhibitor
indications: 1st line prohylactically for DVT and PE
MoA of rivaroxaban
binds directly to factor Xa.
Blocks amplification of coagulation cascade - prevents thrombus formation.
Side effects of rivaroxaban
palpitations
n+v
tiredness,
shortness of breath
dizziness
ocassional nosebleeds, gum bleeding during brushing
Drug class and indication of celecoxib
class: nsaid - cox-2 inhibitor
indications: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis
MoA of celecoxib
selective inhibition of cox-2 , responsible for prostaglandin synthesis. Blocks inflammation.
Side effect of celecoxib
dizziness
Drug class and indications of diamorphine
Class: opoid analgesic - 2* stronger than morphine - same as heroin
indications: short term. surgical procedures, MI, terminally ill patient. relief of dyspnoea in acute pulmonary oedema
Side effects of Diamorphine
tolerance
dependance
withdrawal
drowsiness/mental clouding
MoA of Diamorphine
Activation of descending inhibitory pathways of CNS.
Binds to delta, kappa receptors
Side effects of Aspirin
A - Asthma exacerbation
S - Salicylate sensitivity
P - Peptic ulcer
I - Intestinal bleed
R - Reyes syndrome
I - Impaired renal function
N - Noise/tinnitus
Side effects of digoxin
- nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea
- Visual disturbance (yellow vision)
- Bradycardia
- Arrhythmia
- Confusion
Contraindications of digoxin
- Ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia
- Hypokalaemia
- Severe heart disease (cardiomyopathies)
What is digoxin used for
Heart failure and AF/AFl
Increases strength of heart contraction whilst reducing heart rate
