Drug Information Flashcards
printed information in a particular reference or verbalized by an individual that pertains to medications
drug information
many cases individuals use this term in different
contexts by associating it with other words such as:
★ Specialist/ Practitioner/ Pharmacist/ Provider
★ Center/ Service/ Practice
★ Function/ Skills
are considered drug information providers?
★ Pharmacists
★ Doctors
★ Nurses
★ Medical Researches
★ Other health care professionals
misleading information
★ News Media
★ Biased/Wrong Information
★ Incomplete Research
★ Internet
purpose of drug information?
improve the level of patient care by ensuring SAFE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF MEDICINES
★ book, written published books
★ more reliable
when drug information is PRINTED
from reliable source like
registered pharmacist, registered physician,
registered nurse, and other medical researcher,
and other medical health care provider
when drug information is VERBALIZED
➔ Comes with medication or drug therapy/process
➔ It conveys the management and the use of drug
➔ managed by P&TC (Pharmacy and Therapeutic
Committee)
Medication information
★ when drug specialization starts
1960
in —– , first drug center or 1st drug information center is in ——
1962
university of kentucky medical center
★ NO human involved
★ animal testing
pre-clinical trial
★ 100 healthy volunteers
Phase 1
★ Patient
★ Efficacy
Phase 2
★ 1000-3000 people
★ ADR and side effects
Phase 3
this happens after Phase 3 before Phase 4 (PMS or Post Marketing Studies)
FDA APPROVAL
★ drug improvement
★ allowed to patent
Post Marketing Studies
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Drug Info resources used in pharmacy
most recent and in-depth
information about a topic
allows the reader
to analyze and critique the study methodology
determine if the conclusions are valid
primary sources
★ Most specific
★ Most current
★ most accurate
information from CLINICAL TRIAL
primary
E.g. Original Research, Case Studies,
Manufacturer’s Monograph, published journal (2-4)
primary
information from the tertiary sources is not
recent or comprehensive enough
to direct the reader to review primary
literature articles that might provide more
insight on the topic
★ from primary literature that might provide more
insight
★ not recent / not comprehensive
secondary
E.g.
○ Computerized Indexing systems (classifying
documents)
○ Abstracting Publications
secondary
general product
information
MEDLINE, EMBASE,
IPA, IDIS
Adverse effect
REACTIONS WEEKLY,
EMBASE, MEDLINE
Compounding/formulations
MEDLINE, EMBASE,
IPA, IDIS
Dietary supplement
MEDLINE, EMBASE,
IPA, IDIS
★ Excellent first-line resources
★ RAPID ACCESS to information
★ general information
★ general resources
★ books are tertiary
★ from secondary
tertiary
E.g
○ Textbook
○ Drug Compendia
○ Review Articles in journals
○ Full text computer/ handheld databases
○ Internet
tertiary
knowledge obtained from investigation,
study, or instruction
information
describe it as one or more statements or
facts that are received by a human and that have
some form of worth to the recipient
information
“knowledge communicated or received concerning
a particular fact or circumstance”
information
Used to convey the MANAGEMENT and USE
of information on MEDICATION THERAPY and
to signify the broader role that all pharmacists
take in information provision
medication information
refer to an aggregation or
group of individuals defined by a set of common
characteristics
population
individual responsible for operation of
the center
drug information specialist
★ To be “a source of selected, comprehensive
drug information for staff physicians and
dentists to evaluate and compare drugs” as well
as to provide the drug information needs of
nurses.
★ To take an active role in the education of health
professional students including medicine,
dentistry, nursing, and pharmacy
Drug Information Center
used to describe the evolving roles of the
medication information specialist
drug informatics
should be stored in the center and retrieved,
selected, evaluated, and disseminated by the
specialist.
drug information
★ Support for clinical services.
★ Answering questions.
★ Pharmacy and Therapeutics committee activity.
★ Publications
★ Education - in services for health professionals,
students, consumers.
★ Medication usage evaluation/medication use
evaluation.
★ Investigational medication control
★ Coordination of reporting programs. e.g.
adverse drug reactions
★ Poison information
★ Overseeing clinical trials
Medication Information
Services
○ approve, monitor, and review biomedical
and behavioral research involving humans.
○ Information for practitioners.
Institutional Review Board activities
best stepwise approach to find information?
tertiary, secondary, primary
➔ Provide the practitioner with GENERAL INFORMATION
needed TO FAMILIARIZE the reader with the topic
➔ General source
➔ Excellent first-line resources
➔ Rapid access to information
tertiary sources
★ Textbooks
★ Drug Compendia
★ Review Articles in journals
★ Full text computer/ handheld databases
★ Internet
tertiary sources
other sources?
➔ Manufacturers
➔ Expert in the field
➔ Internet Websites
➔ ORIGINAL PUBLISHED or unpublished works that
introduce NEW KNOWLEDGE or enhance existing
knowledge on a subject.
➔ Include research results and case reports as well
as evaluative and descriptive studies.
➔ These are the FOUNDATION for the secondary and
tertiary literature
➔ Provide the MOST ACCURATE information because
they contain the ORIGINAL COMMUNICATION OF IDEAS
primary sources
advantages of primary sources?
★ Access to detailed information about a topic
and the ability to personally assess the utility
and validity of study results.
★ More recent than tertiary or secondary
literature.
★ Peer-reviewed
disadvantages of primary sources?
★ Misleading conclusions based on only one trial
without the context of other researches.
★ There is a need to have good skills in medical
literature evaluation.
★ Longer time needed to evaluate the large
volume of literature available.
Refers to references that either index or abstract the primary literature with the goal of
directing the user to primary literature
secondary
Consists of providing bibliographic citation information (e.g., title, author, and citation of the
article)
indexing
a brief description (or abstract) of
the information provided by the article or resource cited
abstracting
➔ Frequently used to access the primary literature
and usually consist of bibliographic citations.
➔ Most sources identify citations through a computer
or “online” searching process, some exist in print
form.
➔ Can be used for multiple purposes; one can be to
help keep a practitioner of recently published
information
➔ Find more recent or detailed information on
specified treatment or disease
➔ Frequently used to access the primary literature
and usually consists of bibliographic citations.
➔ Available as abstracting services, citations, indexes
with or without full text, and directories.
➔ Less current than the primary literature.
secondary sources
advantages of secondary sources?
★ Saves time
★ Cheaper than journal
★ On-line easy to search
★ Updated information can be sent to you periodically
disadvantage of secondary sources?
★ Time lag - The time lag for most secondary sources is now 4-8 weeks after primary resource publication.
★ This monthly service indexes important new
research, adverse reactions, and
pharmacoeconomic data in the area of
therapies for infectious disease.
★ Paper as well as electronic formats are
available.
★ Adis International,
https://www.springer.com/gp/adis
ANTI-INFECTIVES TODAY
★ Thompson Medical, https://clarivate.com/
★ This is a comprehensive database of biologic
information, covering biologic and biomedical
information.
★ BIOSIS also covers abstracts from conferences
relating to basic sciences.
★ This is the most helpful when seeking basic
science information.
★ Both print and electronic formats are available
and are updated semi-monthly
Biologic Abstracting/Biosis Reviews
★ Adis International,
https://www.springer.com/gp/adis
★ This is a monthly indexing and abstracting
service summarizing current literature in the
area of cancer management.
★ Information from recent trials, case reports, and
international meetings is provided.
★ Available in print and also electronically
CANCER TODAY
★ National Cancer Institute «www.cancer.gov»
★ This database is maintained by the National
Cancer Institute and indexes from a variety of sources specific to cancer literature
★ This resource is most useful when looking for
information about oncology therapies or quality
of life issues
★ This resource is updated MONTHLY and is
available electronically at
«http://www.cancer.gov/search_literature/
CANCERLIT
★ CINAHL Information Systems,
<https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-dat
abases/cinahl-complete>
★ This is an indexing service that covers literature
primarily in the fields of nursing and allied
health.
★ This database is useful when seeking
information about patient care from the
perspective of allied health professionals.
★ It is updated MONTHLY
CINAHL
★ Cochrane Library, https://www.cochrane.org/
★ This database, published quarterly, indexes
Cochrane reviews about a variety of medical
treatments, conditions, and alternative
therapies.
★ These evidence - based medicine reviews are
based on extensive analysis of current literature
and provide treatment recommendations.
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
★ Thompson Medical
,http://comingsoon.markmonitor.com/
★ This electronic service offers an overview of
very recently published literature as it relates to
scientific information.
★ The clinical medicine and life sciences
subgroups are useful for information about
recent drug research and developments.
Current Contents
★ Elsevier, https://www.embase.com/
★ EMBASE is a comprehensive abstracting
service covering biomedical literature worldwide
★ This database covers material similar to that
covered by MEDLINE®, but with greater
coverage of international publications.
★ Additionally, there is less lag time between
publication and inclusion in the database.
★ This database is useful when seeking
information about DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS or
medications that may be available in other
countries.
Embase
★ Google, «scholar.google.com» An internet
search engine that is designed to target
scholarly materials available online in a variety
of professional areas including health care.
★ Information from a variety of scholarly journals
and publications is able to be searched,
however, in some cases, the searcher may not
be able to access full-text versions of articles or
works due to password restrictions.
Google Scholar
★ American Society of Health - System
Pharmacists, <www.ashp.org>
★ Coverage includes drug related information,
including drug use and development.
★ This database also abstracts a variety of
meeting presentations.
★ The main focus of this database is pharmacy
information, including pharmacy administration
and clinical services, making it the most
comprehensive database for pharmacy -
specific information.</www.ashp.org>
International Pharmaceutical Abstracts
★ Division of Drug Information Service, University
of Iowa, http://itsnt14.its.uiowa.edu/
★ This is an indexing service that allows retrieval
of complete articles from a variety of biomedical
publications.
★ Indexing is done by database- specific term,
which at times makes searching challenging
★ This database is useful for information about
standard medications.
★ It is unique in that it provides full articles, in
either PDF form, or for older articles,
microfiche.
★ There are limited number of journals covered
and not all information from a specific journal
issue is covered.
Iowa Drug Information Service
★ Massachusetts medical Society,
https://www.jwatch.org/
★ Journal watch is an abstracting service
including recent information, summarized by
physicians, from a variety of medical literature.
★ A general newsletter covering major medical
stories of interest to generalists is published
along with additional newsletters in specific
specialty areas.
★ This is the most helpful when MONITORING FOR NEW CLINICAL TRIALS involving specific medications
Journal Watch
★ LexisNexis Academic & Library Solutions,
<https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-us/gateway.pag
e>
★ This indexing service covers a variety of
information including MEDICAL, LEGAL and BUSINESS NEWS. Some publications are available
in full text through this service.
★ This resource is helpful when attempting to
locate information about RECENT MEDICAL NEWS OR RESEARCH.
LexisNexis
★ National Library of medicine www.medline.com
★ Coverage includes basic and clinical services
as well as nursing, dentistry, veterinary
medicine, and many other healthcare
disciplines.
★ Information comes from more than 3990
journals in 40 different languages.
★ Available in PubMed
MedLine
★ Adis International,
https://www.springer.com/gp/adis
★ This monthly indexing and abstracting service
covers recent literature regarding then use of
drugs in pediatrics from both biomedical
literature and recent clinical meetings.
★ Requestors seeking information about pediatric
uses of medications may find this resource
helpful
Pediatrics Today
★ Adis International, <www.adis.com>
★ Weekly publication
★ Covers recent publications regarding economic
use of health care resources, as well as
information on PRESCRIBING TRENDS, recent health
care news, and regulatory updates.
★ Focuses on the economic impact of disease
states and medical intervention.</www.adis.com>
Pharmaeconomics and Outcomes News Weekly
★ Adis International,
https://www.springer.com/gp/adis
★ A weekly indexing/abstracting service
★ Summarizes literature involving adverse events,
drug interactions, drug dependence, and
toxicology data.
★ Useful when seeking case reports on adverse
reactions or other information on drug safety.
Reactions Weekly
★ Convenient and easy to use
★ Well accepted in medical practice
Tertiary sources
★ Lag time associated with publication.
★ Medical information changes, may be out of
date before it is even published.
★ Incomplete information.
★ Errors in transcription
★ Human bias Incorrect interpretation of
information
★ Lack of expertise by authors
★ Impossible to compile a comprehensive list of
tertiary resources that are useful in all areas of
pharmacy practice
disadvantages of tertiary sources
General product
information (tertiary)
Handbook of
Non-prescription Drugs,
Major Compendia
Adverse effects (tertiary)
Meylers’s Side Effcet of
Drugs, Side Effects of
Drugs Annual (major
compendia)
Availability of dosage
form (tertiary)
Red Book, American Drug
Index (major compendia)
Dietary Supplement (tertiary)
Natural Medicine
Comprehensive Database,
Review of Natural Product
★ Goodman and Gillman’s Pharmacological
Basis of Therapeutics
★ Basic & Clinical Pharmacology by Katzung
★ American Hospital Formulary Service
(AHFS)
★ Handbook on Injectable Drugs
★ Micromedex
★ Clinical Pharmacology
★ Drug Facts and Comparisons
★ Drug Information Handbook
★ Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference
★ Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR)
★ American Drug Index
Pharmacology and Drug Information Resources
○ contains general principles of action,
absorption, distribution and metabolism.
○ It is a “gold standard” pharmacology text
and is very well referenced
Goodman and Gillman’s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
complete and comprehensive general
pharmacology text which is utilized
nationally as primary reference for many
pharmacology courses.
Basic and Clinical Pharmacology by Katzung
○ FDA approved and non-labeled uses;
extensive dosage and usage section
○ Published annually with quarterly updates
American Hospital Formulary Service (AHFS)
○ Covers parenteral infusions, drug stability
and compatibility;
○ published approximately every two years
with an annual supplement.
Handbook on Injectable Drugs
○ an online pharmacology database which
has a vast array of information dealing with
pharmacology, therapeutics, poison
information,
Micromedex
○ an online pharmacology database that
consists of extensive, peer-reviewed,
current, accurate drug information for health
care providers. Contains full text information
on GENERIC, BRAND, HERBAL or INVESTIGATIONAL
drugs.
Clinical Pharmacology
○ FDA approved drugs and investigational
and orphan agents; legend and OTC
listings;
○ good quick-source
Drug Facts and Comparisons
○ alphabetical listing of drugs by generic name; many charts, algorithms, and tables
with information; not referenced
○ published annually
Drug Information Handbook
○ foreign drug information including selected
US drugs; great resource for obscure
information and for names of drugs in other
countries; well referenced; published by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great
Britain
○ published approximately every four years
Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference
○ FDA approved product information; usage
and dosage information only as approved by the FDA. Not useful for finding critical drug information
○ updated annually
Physician’s Desk Reference
○ listing of products available in US and cross-referenced by trade, generic, and chemical names; various pharmacy type
information
○ updated editions published annually
American Drug Index
★ Drug Interaction Facts
★ Hansten and Horn’s Drug Interaction
Drug Interaction Resources
○ Mechanism of drug/drug and drug/food
interaction listed as well as clinical
significance; well referenced
○ updated quarterly for placement binders or
available annually in a text version
Drug Interaction Facts
○ similar to Drug Interaction Facts; an introductory chapter provides an excellent discussion regarding mechanisms of drug interactions
Hansten and Horn’s Drug Interaction Analysis and Management
★ Meyler’s Side Effects of Drugs
Information on Drug Side Effects
○ Side effects of Drugs Annual
○ lists and discusses side effects associated with drug therapy; comprehensive index
referenced by drug and adverse drug reaction
○ published approximately every four years with yearly updates
Meyler’s Side Effects of Drugs
○ information concerning the practice of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences
○ republished approximately every five year
Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy
