drug abuse: presentation and treatment Flashcards

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1
Q

cause constricted pupils

A

opoids, nicotine (usually), sympatholytic agents

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2
Q

cause dilated pupils

A

sympathomimetic agents, amphetamine and derivatives, cocaine, LSD

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3
Q

cause horizontal nystagmus

A

barbiturates, ethanol, carbamazepine, phenytoin, scorpion venom

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4
Q

causes horizontal and vertical nystagmus

A

PCP

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5
Q

alcohol effects

A

CV and respiratory depression, relaxation of smooth muscle (vasodilation, hypothermia, increased gastric flow); relaxes uterine smooth muscle

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6
Q

insomnia, tremor, anxiety; seizures, N/V, arrhythmia

A

alcohol withdrawal

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7
Q

cause disulfiram like effects

A

sulfonylureas, cefotetan, ketoconazole, procarbazine

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8
Q

alcohol interactions

A

increase tox of acetaminophen, increased risk of bleeding with NSAIDs and anticoagulants; increased risk of hypoglycemia with diabetic medicine; increased risk of teratogenicity via changes in metabolism

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9
Q

heroine effects

A

IV: after injection - rush; euphoria, dry mouth warm sensation
later: “on the nod” - drowsy state

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10
Q

acute opiate intoxication

A

shallow and slow respirations, pupillary mitosis, bradycardia, hypothermia, stupor or coma - death from CV or respiratory collapse
seizures with mixed intoxication

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11
Q

methodone unique effect

A

QT prolongation

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12
Q

goal of naloxone administration

A

reverse respiratory depression

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13
Q

marijuana intoxication

A

2 cardinal signs: increased HR, reddened eyes
cognitive dysfunction, changes in perception, and reaction time impairment;
panic and paranoia uncommon except in psychotic patients

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14
Q

marijuana mechanism

A

binds presynaptic CB1 receptors and prevents the release of GABA or glutamate; this leads to disinhibition of DA neurons in the VTA and to the feeling of euphoria

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15
Q

cause rhabdomyolysis

A

amphetamines and derivatives, clozapine, lithium, cocaine, MAOIs, PCP

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16
Q

rhabdomyolysis treatment

A

hydration to avoid renal failure, alkalinize urine with sodium bicarb to prevent myoglobin deposition in renal tubules

17
Q

cocaine mechanism

A

inhibits the DAT, prevents reuptake of DA - decreasing DA clearance from the synaptic cleft and causing an increase in extracellular DA conc.

18
Q

amphetamine mechanism

A

competitively inhibits VMAT causing the free concentration of DA in the presynaptic terminal to rise and the DAT reverses its pumping to expel the DA into the synaptic cleft

19
Q

used to decrease cravings in alcoholics

A

naloxone

20
Q

acts by increasing the non-vesicular release of DA from DA neurons

A

amphetamine

21
Q

zero order kinetics

A

ethanol, phenytoin, high dose aspirin

22
Q

heroin addiction detox

A

buprenorphine first then naltrexone

23
Q

delirium tremens associated with

A

hyperadrenergic state - alcohol intoxication; also causes visual hallucinations

24
Q

can be lethal when used with an opoid

A

alcohol

25
Q

hippuric acid positive urine

A

inhaled hydrocarbons

26
Q

treatment for cocaine or amphetamine intoxication

A

benzo for anxiety, nitroglycerin or phentolamine for HTN - do not give pure beta-blocker, give labatolol
adenosine or lidocaine for ventricular arrhythmia
alkalinize urine

27
Q

cocaine and amphetamine intoxication

A

dose-dependent increase in HR and P; increased arousal, vigilance, alertness,; sense of self-confidence and well-being (euphoria in high doses); dilated pupils

28
Q

MDMA, ephedrine, methcathinone, and derivatives intoxication symptoms

A

similar to cocaine or amphetamine: anxiety, tremulousness, tachycardia, hypertension diaphoresis, dilated pupils agitation, muscular hyperactivity, and psychosis;
muscle hyperreactivity may lead to metabolic acidosis and rhabdomyolysis
hyponatremia after MDMA

29
Q

PCP and ketamine mechanism

A

bind to different receptors in the CNS with varying degrees of affinity; an increasing concentration is necessary to achieve the various clinical effects; at lower doses, glutamate signaling is inhered by drugs like PCP; CV effects occur through increased sympathetic activity following inhibition of MAO

30
Q

PCP or ketamine intoxication

A

mild intoxication: lethargy euphoria, hallucinations, and occasionally bizarre or violent behavior; hyper salivation and lacrimation may occur, abrupt sings from quiet catatonia to loud or agitated behavior
severe intoxication: rapidly fluctuating behavior, vertical nystagmus, and sympathomimetic signs; pupils are sometimes paradoxically small

31
Q

LSD clinical features

A

mydriasis, tachycardia, anxiety, muscle tension

32
Q

Ssilocybin clinical features

A

mydriasis, tachycardia, anxiety, N/V; muscle tension

33
Q

Mescaline (peyote) clinical features

A

mydriasis, abdominal pain, N/V, dizziness, nystagmus, ataxia

34
Q

treatment of LSD OD

A

supportive, benzodiazepines, haloperidol for psychosis

35
Q

inhaled hydrocarbon presentation

A

confusion, ataxia, lethargy, headache, arrhythmias, syncope, coma, and respiratory arrest,
may cause hepatic and renal damage
skin or eye contact causes local irritation, burns, or corneal injury;