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Term III: Pharmacology > Drug Abuse > Flashcards

Drug Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

Two ways neurons talk to each other.

A
  1. Chemical synapse

2. Electrical synapse (gap junctions)

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2
Q

There are two types of synapses:
Electrical and Chemical synapses.
Most synapses in our CNS are chemical synapses.
What is the advantage of chemical synapses?

A. Synaptic gap is small
B. Faster transmission
C. Slower transmission
D. Amplification of signal
E. Synaptic gap is large
A

D

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3
Q

TCA’s:
Imipramine (Tofranil)
Amitryptaline (Elavil)

A

Tricyclic anti-depressants
Inhibits reuptake of NE and serotonin

Depression - very addictive, more side effects

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4
Q

SSRIs (**xetine)

Prozac
Zoloft

A

Inhibits reuptake of serotonin

Depression

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5
Q

What has more side effects (for example increases systemic blood pressure):

A. Fluoxetine (Prozac) - SSRI
B. Imipramine (Tofranil) - TCA

A

B

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6
Q

SSRIs, compared to tricyclic antidepressants,
which of the following is NOT true?

SSRIs are

A. safer in overdose
B. less addictive
C. more selective to serotonin
D. more effective
E. have fewer side effects
F. Patients show favorable response in few days
A

D

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7
Q

What are the 4 ways cells/receptors respond to excess neurotransmitter?

Which one is long term?

A

4

  1. Desensitive receptors
  2. Hide (internalize) receptors in cytoplasm
  3. Degrade receptors
  4. Decrease # of receptors (by altering gene expression)
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8
Q

Codeine, Morphine, Heroin

A

Opioids - Gi, open K+ channels and K+ efflux –> less GABA released so less inhibition of dopamine

(Increase in dopamine in nucleus accumbens)

Narcotic/pain reliever

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9
Q

Cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine (speed)

A

Increase dopamine, NE, serotonin in synapses by inhibiting reuptake by VMAT

Stimulants

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10
Q

Nicotine

A

Cholinergic agonist - nicotinic receptors

Tobacco

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11
Q

Alcohol

A

Opioid

Increase Cl influx through ion channels - hyperpolarization

Depresses CNS

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12
Q

Diazepam (**zepam) (Valium)

A

Benzos - Increase Cl- influx

Anti-anxiety, insomnia, seizures

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13
Q

Ratio of what two neurotransmitters determines how active our CNS is?

A

GABA: Glutamate
GABA - inhibitory
Glutamate - excitatory

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14
Q

What is effect of chronic alcohol intake on Cl channels? Glutamate channels?

A

Cl - decreases

Glutamate - increases

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15
Q

What is reward center of brain? What neurotransmitter acts here? What is this system called?

A

Nucleus Accumbens - dopamine

Meso-Limbic system

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16
Q

What neurotransmitter regulates dopamine release?

A

GABA - decreases levels of dopamine

17
Q

What regulates GABA neurons? What is the effect on dopamine release?

A

Endorphins - decrease GABA, which increases dopamine

18
Q

Where in the brain are somas of dopaminergic neurons and GABA neurons located?

A

VTA - Midbrain

ventral tegmental axis

19
Q

Abrupt withdrawal of beta blockers can result in what condition?

A

Tachycardia

20
Q

Abrupt withdrawal of prednisone can result in what conditions? Why?

A

Hypotension, hypoglycemia, difficulty breathing, muscle weakness

Chronic treatment w/ Prednisone decreases cortisol production - so adrenal cortex atrophies

21
Q

All cells, including neurons, adapt to the presence of
excess neurotransmitters.

Which of the following is NOT a response to excess
neurotransmitter?

A. Desensitization of receptors
B.Hide / internalize receptors
C.Decrease the number of receptors
D.Degrade the receptors
E. Increase the number of receptors
A

E

22
Q

Methadone

A

Long-acting, weak opioid agonist with a long half-life - will stay in system longer, but is not as potent

Opioid overdose

23
Q

Naloxone

A

Opioid antagonist

Opioid overdose

24
Q

Varenicline (Chantix)

A

Partial agonist for nicotine receptors in CNS- Varenicline (Chantix)

Nicotine addiction

25
Q

Abrupt withdrawal of alcohol or benzos can lead to what condition?

A

Delirium tremens (seizures)

26
Q

Disulfiram (Antabuse)

A

Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase (build-up of acetaldehyde makes you vomit)

Alcoholism

27
Q

What drugs dilate pupils (sympathetic dominance?) - Name 3

A

Cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA

28
Q

What drugs constrict pupils (parasymp dominance)

A

Morphine, heroin, codeine, organophosphates, insecticides

29
Q

Foods rich in what compound are contraindicated in patients taking inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO)?

A

Tyramine

30
Q

Buprenorphine

A

Partial opioid agonist

Opioid overdose

31
Q

Nicotine transdermal patch

A

Low dose agonist

Nicotine addiction

32
Q

Entacapone (Comtan)

A

COMT Inhibitor - increases catecholamines in synapse

Parkinson’s

33
Q

Selegiline (Deprenyl)

A

MAO inhibitor - increases catecholamines in synapse

Depression

Term III: Pharmacology (19 decks)

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