Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Disease and Defense- Pharm > Drug Absorption > Flashcards

Drug Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

The effect of any given dose of drug on the Cp of that drug will depend on the ______ and _____ of drug from the site of administration to the blood.

A

rate (time to peak); extent (bioavailability) of transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

When would the rectal route be chosen?

A

when pt is vomiting, uncon, post-surgery, GI irritation, or uncooperative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is the bioavailability of subcutaneous administration?

A

very high- almost that of IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Knowledge of _____ allows for dosage adjustments when the drug is given by different routes of administration.

A

drug bioavailability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the bioavailability of IV administration?

A

100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

If the inhaled particle size is < 0.5 μM, the drug is _____, leading to _____.

A

exhaled, no effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The topical route is a localized application via _____ for treating local conditions.

A

skin or mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A generic drug formulation is said to be bioequivalent to a brand name drug formulation if the ____ and _____ of absorption are similar to the brand name.

A

rate and extent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Drugs with a _____ are typically administered via IV.

A

narrow therapeutic index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 most important factors to consider when choosing a route of administration?

A

1) bioavailability 2) relative rates of onset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the bioavailability of IM administration?

A

very high- almost that of IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The transdermal route of administration is for ______.

A

systemic use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is the rate of absorption so fast in the inhaled route?

A

large surface area and blood flow in pulmonary tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the equation for F?

A

F = AUC (route) / AUC (IV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How rapid is the onset of action of the oral route?

A

slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why are IV and inhaled drugs so addicting?

A

because their rate of action is so fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is the lipid solubility estimated?

A

oil:water partition coefficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the bioavailability of the buccal/sublingual route?

A

high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What administration type has the second slowest time to peak?

A

subcutanous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The effect of any given dose of drug on the plasma concentration of that drug (Cp) will depend on the rate (time to peak) and extent (bioavailability) of transfer of drug from _______.

A

the site of administration to the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name 2 routes for local effects.

A

1) inhalation (if targeting the lungs) 2) topical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In the _____ route, approximately 50% of dose will bypass the liver, thus first pass metabolism is less than for the oral route.

A

rectal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In the rectal route, approximately ____% of dose will bypass the liver, thus first pass metabolism is ____ than for the oral route.

A

50; less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What administration type has the slowest time to peak?

A

oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is the concentration gradient created?

A

at the site of administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the pKa of a sulfate group?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the onset speed of rectal administration?

A

slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sublingual/buccal drugs are typically _____ and _____.

A

lipid soluble; potent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which route is the most hazardous?

A

IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

After absorption from oral mucosa, venous drainage from the mouth is to the ______, protecting the drug from rapid hepatic first-pass metabolism (faster onset of action).

A

superior vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Because of the extremely large surface area of the intestine relative to the stomach, the rate of absorption of a drug from the intestine will be ______ than that from the stomach.

A

greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

After absorption from oral mucosa, venous drainage from the mouth is to the superior vena cava, protecting the drug from rapid _______ (faster onset of action).

A

hepatic first-pass metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

If the inhaled particle size is 1-5 μM, the drug is ______, leading to ______.

A

deposited in small airways; a therapeutic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How can the rate of absorption via the oral route be changed?

A

increase by using liquids or rapidly disintegrating tablets; decrease with enteric coated tablets or sustained release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Name 4 factors that affect drug membrane passage.

A

1) molecular size 2) lipid solubility 3) degree of ionization 4) concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the rate of onset of the buccal/sublingual route?

A

within minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

If the drug is placed _____ the gastrointestinal tract it is called enteral; if it’s _____ the GI tract, it’s called parenteral.

A

within; outside

31
Q

Increased GI motility will increase ______ by allowing drug to reach the small intestine faster.

A

speed of emptying and absorption speed

32
Q

If the inhaled particle size is _____ μM, the drug is exhaled, leading to no effect.

A

< 0.5

33
Q

IM injections in ______ exhibit slower, more sustained absorption.

A

depot forms in oil or suspended in other vehicles

33
Q

If the inhaled particle size is ____ μM, the drug is deposited in small airways, leading to a therapeutic effect.

A

1-5

34
Q

Most drug absorption from GI tract occurs via _____, thereby favoring absorption when the drug is in the non-ionized and more lipophilic form.

A

passive diffusion

35
Q

What is the most important mechanism of diffusion for the majority of drugs with a mw of 500-800?

A

lipid diffusion

35
Q

The period of drug absorption can be altered intentionally in _____ administration.

A

subcutaneous

36
Q

The _____ route is a localized application via skin or mucous membranes for treating local conditions.

A

topical

37
Q

What is the rate of action for IV administration?

A

fastest of all

38
Q

What administration type has the second fastest time to peak?

A

IM

40
Q

What affects the degree of ionization?

A

tissue pH

41
Q

What is the bioavailability of inhalation administration?

A

very high- almost that of IV

43
Q

_____ delays absorption of most drugs by delaying gastric emptying.

A

Food

45
Q

Most drug absorption from GI tract occurs via passive diffusion, thereby favoring absorption when the drug is in the _____ and more ______ form.

A

non-ionized; lipophilic

47
Q

What affects the value of F?

A

1) survival of drug in GI environment 2) ability to cross GI membrane 3) drug metabolism in the gut wall or liver (4. patient compliance)

48
Q

Lipid diffusion is favored if the drug has _____.

A

a high lipid:water partition coefficient

48
Q

Because of the _____ of the intestine relative to the stomach, the rate of absorption of a drug from the intestine will be greater than that from the stomach.

A

extremely large surface area

49
Q

Food delays absorption of most drugs by _____.

A

delaying gastric emptying

50
Q

IM injections in depot forms in oil or suspended in other vehicles exhibit ______ absorption.

A

slower, more sustained

51
Q

What is the rate of action for inhalation administration?

A

very fast (less than 5 min)

53
Q

If the drug is placed within the gastrointestinal tract it is called _____; if it’s the GI tract, it’s called ______.

A

enteral; parenteral

55
Q

What is the bioavailability of an oral drug?

A

varies between 0-100%

56
Q

In ______, the drug must be potent, able to permeate skin, nonsensitizing, and nonirritating.

A

transdermal administration

57
Q

______ will increase speed of emptying and absorption speed by allowing drug to reach the small intestine faster.

A

Increased GI motility

58
Q

Drugs with a narrow therapeutic index are typically administered via ____.

A

IV

59
Q

Why is IV administration more dangerous than inhalation?

A

a higher dose can be given

60
Q

What does the degree of ionization effect?

A

lipid solubility

62
Q

Which drugs use endocytosis to enter the cell?

A

vitamin B12 and iron

63
Q

What is the bioavailability of the rectal route?

A

variable, but usually greater than oral

64
Q

In the rectal route, approximately 50% of dose will bypass the ____, thus first pass metabolism is less than for the _____ route.

A

liver; oral route

65
Q

Which drugs use carrier-mediated diffusion?

A

xenobiotics, P-glycoproteins

66
Q

How is bioavailability determined?

A

compare the area under the curve of a dose via any administration to the same drug given via IV

67
Q

Enteral routes of administration include ____ while parenteral routes include _______.

A

oral and rectal; all others

69
Q

Information on rate of absorption is generally estimated as the _____ or _____.

A

peak Cp; time to attain peak Cp plasma levels

70
Q

The effect _______ on the plasma concentration of that drug (Cp) will depend on the rate (time to peak) and extent (bioavailability) of transfer of drug from the site of administration to the blood.

A

of any given dose of drug

70
Q

Knowledge of drug bioavailability allows for _____ when the drug is given by different routes of administration

A

dosage adjustments

71
Q

In transdermal administration, the drug must be ____, ______, ______, and _______.

A

potent, able to permeate skin, nonsensitizing, nonirritating

73
Q

Why does F = 100% in IV administrations?

A

no absorption step involved

74
Q

Does the transdermal route of administration bypass first clearance?

A

yes

75
Q

After absorption from the ______, venous drainage from the mouth is to the superior vena cava, protecting the drug from rapid hepatic first-pass metabolism (faster onset of action).

A

oral mucosa

76
Q

If the inhaled particle size is > 10 μM, the drug is _____, leading to ______.

A

deposited in the oropharynx; side effects

78
Q

What is the rate of action for subcutaneous administration?

A

slower, constant

79
Q

What is the rate of action for IM administration?

A

fast

80
Q

If the inhaled particle size is ____ μM, the drug is deposited in the oropharynx, leading to side effects.

A

> 10

82
Q

What are some disadvantages of controlled-release preparations?

A

variability in systemic levels; dose toxicity

83
Q

Drugs with a mw of 100-200 generally transport via ____.

A

aqueous diffusion

84
Q

Subcutaneous administration can only be used for _____ drugs, and the ____ of the dose is limited.

A

non-irritating; volume

85
Q

What does F stand for?

A

bioavailability

86
Q

Name 4 routes of administration, other than IV, that use systemic drug action and F nearly = 100%.

A

1) intramuscular (IM) 2) Subcutaneous (SC) 3) inhaled 4) sublingual

87
Q

_____ routes of administration include oral and rectal while ______ routes encompass all others.

A

Enteral; parenteral

88
Q

What are some disadvantages to IM administration?

A

pain, tissue necrosis, microbial contamination

89
Q

What does F equal in an IV administration?

A

100%

90
Q

What administration type has the fastest time to peak?

A

IV and inhalational

Disease and Defense- Pharm (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions