Dr.minor Flashcards
Vision
The electromagnetic spectrum-or the continuum of all frequencies of radiated energy
You can only see certain things
The visual stimulus-Light
Visible light, or the light we can see, is a type of radiation emitted by the sun, other stars, and artificial sources such as the light bulb
-wavelength- perceived
Anatomy of the eye
Each part of the eye performs a specific function that contributes to transforming light waves into neural signals
Cornea
Outer most layer
Rods and cones (Receptors)
Only true receptors of the visual system
- Rods- for viewing dim light with no color
- Cones- for bright light with color
- When they absorbs light, they trigger response in four additional layers of neurons within the retina
- axons from the final layer of cells leave the back of the eye
The trichromatic Therory
Based on three types of cones in retina that respond most to light at particular wavelengths:
- Short wavelengths (blue)
- Medium (green)
- long(red)
Opponent-process theory of color vision
- Proposes the existence of “opposing” red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white channels
- Negative afterimages
The Retinex Theroy
The apparent color of an object depends on objects surrounding it
- Two colors will look different but you
Color blindness
Color blindness is the inability to distinguish two or more shades in the color spectrum
- caused by a recessive fence on the X chromosome
- illustrates
Hearing
Like the light energy we see, sound waves are also characterized by frequency and amplitude
-Amplitudes is encoded as loudness
Ranges of hearing
As we observed in case of the light spectrum, parts of the auditory spectrum are outside the range of human hearing
The anatomy of the outer, middle, and inner ear
- The boundaries b/w parts of the ear are membranes: the tympanic membrane (eardrum) and the oval window
- The ossicles amplify sound energy as it’s transferred from the air of the outer and middle ear to the fluid found in the inner ear
- The cochlea contains receptor cells that respond to vibrations transmitted to the inner ear
Exposure to sound
Loudness of sound in measured in decibels
- A whispered: 20 dB
- Normal conversation: 60 dB
- iPod : 100 dB
- threshold of pain: 130 dB
What is localization
Hearing what side something is coming from
Hearing loss
Extremely loud sounds can damage the ear
- conductive hearing loss- results from injury to or illness affects the structure of the ear
- sensorineural- when the hair cells or the auditory nerve is damaged
The Vestibular sense
The vestibular System is part of the inner ear that detects the tilt and acceleration of the head, and the orientation of the head with respect to gravity
- helps us remain upright
The cutaneous senses
Includes bodily sensations coming from skin, muscles, and joints
- receptors within the skin provide information about touch, pressure, and temperature
- provide information about position and movement
- both signals send pain signals to the brain
Endorphins
Block the release of a transmitter conveying pain sensation
Released in response to pain and pressure
The chemical sense
Taste(Gustation)
- taste receptors are on taste buds located in the bumps
- each taste bud contains b/w
The chemical senses
Smell (Olfaction)
-Air conditioning olfactory stimuli is takin in through the nostrils
Perceiving and recognition pattern
We perceive pattern by breaking down a stimulus into its parts
-Bottom up - taking pieces to figure out what it means
We also perceive things by using context clues
-Top down- means already knowing something
Gestalt principles
We are born with a number of built in tendices
Common region
The tendency for items in a region to be seen as a group
Grouping things together that have something similar
Depth Perception
Binoculars and monocular
Monocular
Linear perspectives
Light and shadow, and texture gradient
- Light and shadow- when looking at a image but where the light hits it make the picture look different
- texture gradient- you can actually make out the texture that are closer to you than what’s father away
Binoculars cues- Convergence
The degree to which the eye turn in to focus on a close object
Eyes come together as objects get closer to your face
Binoculars cues- Retinal Disparity
The difference in the apparent position of an object as seen by left and right retinas
When something is closer and your eyes see it differently
Perceptual Constancies
Size constancy : perceive objects as the same size ever when our eyes see them differently
Ex: far away people are still the same size
Perceptual constancies
Shape
Perceive an object as retaining it same shape even when it is viewed from different angles
Brightness
Perceive brightness as remains the same in changing illumination
What is developmental psychology
Change over time
-physical, cognitive, and social domains
Color
Perceive color as remaking stable despite differences in lighting
