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driver test > Drive To Survive > Flashcards

Drive To Survive Flashcards

1
Q

Standard for fire apparatus driver/operator professional qualifications

A

NFPA 1002

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2
Q

Standard for fire and emergency service vehicle operations training programs

A

NFPA 1451

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3
Q

Standard on fire department occupational health and safety program

A

NFPA 1500

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4
Q

The distance it takes a vehicle to come to a stop is known as

A

Stopping distance

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5
Q

The distance it takes the driver to perceive a hazard is known as

A

Perception distance

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6
Q

The distance it takes the driver to react to the hazard is known as

A

Reaction distance

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7
Q

The distance it takes the vehicle to respond to the drivers input is known as

A

Mechanical lag distance

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8
Q

The distance it will take the vehicle to dissipate its energy and come to a stop is known as

A

Braking distance

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9
Q

Total stopping distance =

A

Perception distance + reaction distance + mechanical lag + braking distance

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10
Q

When a person uses their sense to gather information, the process is known as

A

Perception

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11
Q

The time it takes for a person to detect, identify, and react to a hazard is known as

A

Perception and reaction time

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12
Q

The process of moving a persons eyes is known as

A

Saccade

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13
Q

What is the average saccade time on a clear day

A

1/3 of a second

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14
Q

It can take a driver approximately how long to move their head in one direction and all the way back

A

1.7 seconds

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15
Q

The distance that the vehicle travels as the driver perceives and reacts to the problem is known as

A

Perception and reaction distance

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16
Q

This is the energy of motion

A

Kinetic energy

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17
Q

This will determine how well a vehicle is able to grab the roadway and come to a stop

A

Drag factor

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18
Q

To calculate drag factor we must know what 3 things

A

Coefficient of friction of road, braking efficiency of vehicle, slope of road

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19
Q

This refers to the “stickiness” of the roadway

A

Coefficient of friction

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20
Q

The higher the coefficient of friction is means

A

The more sticky the road is

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21
Q

A roadway with a high coefficient of friction will result in?
A roadway with a low coefficient of friction will result in?

A

(High) A shorter stopping distance
(Low) A longer stopping distance

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22
Q

Measurements of coefficient of friction range between?
Higher numbers =
Lower numbers =

A

0.2-0.9
(Higher) stickier roadways
(Lower) slicker roadways

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23
Q

The reduced braking efficiency of a fire apparatus is attributed to what 2 things

A

Rubber compound of truck tires, mechanical lag of air brake system

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24
Q

This formula will calculate the braking distance of a vehicle based on the conditions present at the time of the skid

A

Skid to stop formula

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25
Q

Studies have shown that the braking efficiency of a fire apparatus could be as low as ______ compared to a standard passenger car

A

65%

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26
Q

The total stopping distance of a vehicle includes 2 parts:

A

Perception and reaction distance, skid distance

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27
Q

The distance the driver can see is known as

A

Sight distance

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28
Q

The minimum sight distance required to perceive, react, and bring the vehicle to a safe stop is known as

A

Stopping sight distance

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29
Q

This type of acceleration pushes the car from side to side

A

Lateral acceleration

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30
Q

What are the 2 types of g-force

A

Longitudinal and lateral

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31
Q

G-force which acts on the fire apparatus in the front to back direction

A

Longitudinal g-force

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32
Q

When does a fire apparatus experience longitudinal g-force

A

When the vehicle accelerates or brakes

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33
Q

G-force which acts on a vehicle from side to side

A

Lateral g-force

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34
Q

The amount of lateral g-force an apparatus will experience is determined by

A

Speed of vehicle and how sharply driver turns wheel

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35
Q

Relationship between the height of the center of gravity and the track width of a vehicle

A

Rollover threshold

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36
Q

The distance between the center of the rear or dual wheels

A

Track width

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37
Q

What formula is used to calculate the rollover threshold of a vehicle

A

Static stability factor

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38
Q

The results using the static stability factor determines what?

A

The amount of lateral g-force a vehicle can absorb before it rolls over

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39
Q

Which NFPA addresses fire apparatus rollover thresholds

A

NFPA 1901

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40
Q

Rollover threshold formula

A

Track width divided by 2 x height of center of gravity

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41
Q

Most modern day fire apparatus will be able to absorb _____ lateral gs without rolling over

A

0.50-0.60

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42
Q

An average passenger car can absorb ______ lateral gs before it rolls over

A

1.3-1.4

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43
Q

What is the formula for calculating lateral g-force

A

Speed (squared) divided by curve radius x 15

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44
Q

What factors can increase or decrease lateral g-force

A

Speed and sharpness of curve

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45
Q

A driver who turns the wheel too sharply will create a curve in the road which may induce a rollover known as

A

Steering induced rollover

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46
Q

If the amount of lateral g-force required to roll the vehicle is greater than the amount of grip between the tires and road surface, what tends to happen

A

Tires will tend to slide out before vehicle generates lateral gs to flip

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47
Q

The resistance of an object to any change in its speed or direction of motion

A

Inertia

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48
Q

Partitions that help reduce the energy of a surging liquid load

A

Baffles

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49
Q

Baffles are in place to act as

A

Shock absorbers to help prevent a large wall of water from striking the inside of the tank

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50
Q

What are the 2 types of of tank baffling methods

A

Containment and dynamic

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51
Q

This baffling method uses a series of swash plates to divide the tank into a series of smaller interconnected compartments

A

Containment method

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52
Q

This baffling method uses a series that of baffles to disrupt the movement of water by changing its direction of travel

A

Dynamic method

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53
Q

How are the baffles placed in a dynamic method baffle system and why

A

Staggered, to create a turbulent motion so the water absorbs most of its own energy

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54
Q

What are 2 types of of rollover crashes

A

Tripped and untripped

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55
Q

These rollover are caused when an object in the vehicles path blocks the movement of the tires

A

Tripped rollover

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56
Q

These rollovers are caused by the frictional force between the tire and road surface. What’s another name for them

A

Untripped, or maneuver induced rollover

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57
Q

How can the apparatus operator minimize how much lateral g-force is placed on the vehicle

A

Reducing speed and steady, controlled turns

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58
Q

How can you increase the rollover threshold of a vehicle

A

Increase track width
Lower center of gravity
Stiffen suspension

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59
Q

Most fire apparatus manufacturers are equipping vehicles with what

A

Electronic stability control systems

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60
Q

What do electronic stability control systems do?

A

Helps prevent the sideways skidding and loss of control that leads to rollovers

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61
Q

This monitors the amount of force being applied about the vehicles lateral axis

A

ARP, active rollover protection

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62
Q

When the ARP detects a potential rollover in a vehicle what does it do

A

Applies the brakes and decreases engine torque

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63
Q

What is the best way to burn off a vehicles kinetic energy and bring the vehicle to a stoo

A

Using the brakes

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64
Q

What may cause a vehicle to skid if used on a wet, snow covered, or icy road and why

A

Engine or driveline retarder
Because it creates a braking force on the wheels through the drive train

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65
Q

This refers to the braking and accelerating capabilities of a tire

A

Longitudinal friction

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66
Q

This refers to the cornering cornering ability of a tire

A

Lateral friction

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67
Q

The grip of an average truck tire around ______ of the grip of a passenger car tire

A

80-85%

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68
Q

What should you shut off when the road is wet

A

Engine or driveline retarder

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69
Q

When an engine retarder engages, what does it do

A

Slows the driveshaft and rear drive axle of the vehicle

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70
Q

If the front tires of a vehicle start to break traction while rounding a curve the vehicle will

A

Understeer

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71
Q

In an understeer situation the vehicle will…

A

Lose steering control and continue to travel in a straight line

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72
Q

If the rear tires start to break traction while rounding a curve the vehicle will

A

Oversteer

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73
Q

What happens in an oversteer situation and what is it called

A

Rear tires break traction, rear end starts to spin around its center of gravity, known as a yaw

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74
Q

What is the natural tendency and actually solution for a driver in an understeer condition

A

Slow down and turn the wheel harder

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75
Q

What should a driver do in an oversteer condition

A

Turn the wheel in the opposite direction of the spin

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76
Q

Most vehicle manufacturers will strive to design a vehicle that ____ instead of ____

A

Understeers, oversteers

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77
Q

What are the different types of skids

A

Front tire, left or right tire, and full tire skids

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78
Q

What is tanking

A

If left side tires lock the vehicle pulls towards the left
If right side tires lock the vehicle pulls toward the right side

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79
Q

What are obvious indicators of an understeer in a vehicle

A

Driver turns steering wheel but vehicle continues straight
Chattering of front tires

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80
Q

If a vehicle enters an understeer what should the driver do

A

Ease off the offending pedal, whether it be accelerator or brakes

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81
Q

This allows the driver to reduce the pressure of the front brakes by up to half

A

Limiting valve or wet/dry switch

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82
Q

The noise inside the passenger compartment of f a civilian vehicle is called

A

Ambient noise

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83
Q

A siren must be at least ____ decibels higher than the ambient noise to be effectively heard

A

10 decibels

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84
Q

The process of keeping noise out is known as

A

Attenuation

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85
Q

On average, sirens produce a maximum of ______ in front of the siren speaker

A

124 decibels 10 ft in front

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86
Q

The concept of the farther you are from the siren, the quieter the sound of the siren

A

Inverse square law

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87
Q

According to inverse square law, every time the distance from the siren is doubled, the sound pressure will

A

Decrease 6 decibels

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88
Q

The effective range of a siren can be no more than

A

80 feet

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89
Q

An intersection where the fire apparatus faces a red light, stop sign, or other traffic control device

A

Negative right of way intersection

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90
Q

The amount of time and distance for a civilian to see or hear the apparatus, localize it, react, and yield the right of way

A

Notice of approach

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91
Q

Multiple emergency vehicles driving directly behind each other to the same emergency is known as

A

Caravanning

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92
Q

What is a stale green light

A

Light that’s been green for an extended period of time

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93
Q

These change traffic lights facing emergency vehicles to green

A

Traffic preemption device

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94
Q

This traffic preemption device uses a strobe light mounted on the emergency vehicle

A

Light emitting/infared activating

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95
Q

This traffic preemption device uses a directional microphone mounted on the traffic signal arm

A

Sound activated

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96
Q

This traffic preemption device tracks the emergency vehicles route of travel, speed, and direction or approach

A

Global positioning

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97
Q

This traffic preemption device relies on a radio transmitter inside the emergency vehicle

A

Radio activated

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98
Q

What are the different types of traffic preemption devices used

A

Light emitting
Sounds activated
Global positioning
Radio activated

99
Q

What is used to gauge the severity of a non rollover crash

A

Delta-V

100
Q

What is delta-V

A

The change in a vehicles velocity over a period of time

101
Q

This describes the motion of bodies or objects inside the vehicle

A

Kinematics

102
Q

What are the 3 exceptions for the apparatus not moving unless everyone is seatbelted

A

Patient care
Hose loading
Tiller training

103
Q

If the drivers seatbelt is malfunctioning, the entire truck must be

A

Taken out of service

104
Q

What are the 2 types of warning systems used at railroad crossings

A

Passive and active

105
Q

These systems are used at unguarded rail crossings

A

Passive warning systems

106
Q

These systems are used at busier rail crossings and include gates and lights that flash when a train is approaching

A

Active warning systems

107
Q

How long will it take a train traveling 55 mph to make an emergency stop? This is a reason why…

A

Over 1 mile.
Trains always have the right of way

108
Q

The limited amount of room on the far side of the tracks is known as the

A

Containment or storage area

109
Q

Why are air brakes used on larger trucks

A

Infinite supply of air
Generate more stopping power

110
Q

What is the downside of air brakes? What is this called

A

Time it takes to pressurize the system with enough power to engage brakes.
Called lag time

111
Q

Most vehicles equipped with air brakes utilize what kind of system

A

Dual

112
Q

Explain a dual break system

A

1 set of brake controls but 2 separate brake systems
One operates the front brakes, the other the rear brakes

113
Q

What is the reason for a dual system in air brakes

A

If one system fails, the entire vehicle doesn’t lose all of its brakes

114
Q

Air brake chambers are divided into what 2 sides

A

Service brake (foundation) and spring brake

115
Q

During normal operations, what side of the brake chamber is pressurized with air

A

Spring brake side

116
Q

The spring brake system is also used as? What does it do?

A

Emergency braking system
Acts as a failsafe in the event a of an air leak

117
Q

These are used to stop the truck during routine driving

A

Service brakes

118
Q

The spring brake side of the brake chamber controls what

A

Parking brake and emergency brake

119
Q

Brake chambers can range in size from

A

9,12, 16, 20, 30, and 36 sq. in.

120
Q

Applying 100 pounds of air pressure to a size 20 brake chamber results in

A

2,000 pounds of force on the pushrod

121
Q

The distance the pushrod has to travel to properly apply the brakes is known as

A

Stroke

122
Q

When do slack adjusters need to be adjusted

A

If they move an inch or more

123
Q

Slack adjusters are designed to do what

A

Ensure the pushrod maintains the proper stroke to ensure full braking efficiency

124
Q

This is a result of the braking systems inability to burn off excess kinetic energy

A

Brake fade

125
Q

Excess kinetic energy is the result of what

A

Overweight vehicle or excess speed

126
Q

Excess kinetic energy is the result of what

A

Overweight vehicle or excess speed

127
Q

When all of the brakes enter a fade situation and the vehicle loses its ability to brake, this is called

A

Cascade failure

128
Q

What are the ways to prevent brake fade

A

Annual weight certifications
Brake adjustments

129
Q

What cause brake imbalance and what are the two common types

A

Improper brake adjustment and repairs

Air and torque imbalance

130
Q

The amount of air pressure needed to open the valve in an air brake system

A

Crack pressure

131
Q

An ideal brake adjustment will result in what

A

No more than a 90 degree angle between the pushrod and slack adjuster

132
Q

What are the 2 methods of slowing a vehicle down without using brakes

A

Downshifting and auxiliary braking device

133
Q

This uses the vehicle’s transmission to slow the vehicle

A

Downshifting

134
Q

This will slow the vehicle and reduce the need for the service brakes

A

Auxiliary braking device

135
Q

What are the 4 functions of a piston

A

Induction
Compression
Power
Exhaust

136
Q

Piston sucks air into its piston chamber

A

Induction

137
Q

Piston compresses air inside piston chamber

A

Compression

138
Q

This automatically pumps the brakes even when the driver forcibly applies the brakes

A

ABS system (anti-lock brakes)

139
Q

The part of the tire in contact with the road is called

A

Contact patch

140
Q

The speed which a vehicle will hydroplane depends on what three factors

A

Depth of tire tread
Air pressure
Depth of water

141
Q

The tire pressure printed on the side of the tire is for the

A

Maximum tire pressure for the tire

142
Q

Any tire that is underinflated by ____ is considered to be

A

20%
To have been run flat

143
Q

According to studies and demonstrations what is the proper response to a tire blowout

A

Accelerate and keep the vehicle in a straight line

144
Q

NFPA 1911 states that the maximum life of a tire shall be no more than

A

7 years

145
Q

Where will the manufacture date of a tire be printed

A

Side of the tire and as a 4 digit code

146
Q

The first 2 digits of a tire code are for? The second 2 digits are for?

A

Week of the year
Year of tire manufacture

147
Q

What does “P” indicate and “LT” indicate on a tire

A

Passenger vehicle (P)
Light truck (LT)

148
Q

What is aspect ratio for a tire

A

The tires ratio of height to width

149
Q

An aspect ratio of 70 or lower means

A

short sidewalls for improved steering and better handling

150
Q

What does the “R” stand for on a tire

A

Radial

151
Q

What type of tire has been the industry standard for the past 20 years

A

Radial ply construction

152
Q

This is the measurement of how much weight each tire can support

A

Load index

153
Q

The M + S on a tire indicates

A

Mud and snow capabilities

154
Q

What is the tire speeding rating for Q

A

99 mph

155
Q

What is the tire speed rating for R

A

106 mph

156
Q

What is the tire speed rating for S

A

112 mph

157
Q

What is the tire speed rating for T

A

118 mph

158
Q

What is the tire speed rating for U

A

124 mph

159
Q

What is the tire speed rating for H

A

130 mph

160
Q

What is the tire speed rating for V

A

149 mph

161
Q

What is the tire speed rating for W

A

168 mph

162
Q

What is the tire speed rating for Y

A

186 mph

163
Q

The number of plies indicates what on a tire

A

Number of layers of rubber coated fabric

164
Q

The greater the number of plies means

A

The more weight a tire can support

165
Q

Number indicates the maximum load that can be carried by the tire

A

Maximum load rating

166
Q

Number is the greatest amount of air pressure that should ever be put in the tire under normal conditions

A

Maximum permissible inflation pressure

167
Q

Number indicates the tires wear rate, higher number means

A

Tread wear number
Longer it takes for tire tread to wear down

168
Q

Letter indicates a tires ability to stop on wet pavement. What are the grades from high to low

A

Traction letter
AA, A, B, C

169
Q

Laws prohibit drivers from operating a non commercial vehicle if their blood alcohol concentration is

A

Greater than 0.08%

170
Q

A commercial motor vehicle is defined as

A

Having a gross vehicle weight over 26,001 pounds

171
Q

Laws prohibit a driver from operating a commercial vehicle if there blood alcohol concentration is

A

Greater than 0.04%

172
Q

Studies indicate that an average person will metabolize alcohol how quickly

A

0.015% per hour

173
Q

NFPA 1451 requires vehicles to be inspected how often? And within ___ after being used in an emergency response

A

At least weekly,
24 hours

174
Q

What type of vehicle is a Tiller truck

A

Articulated vehicle

175
Q

What is the greatest concern with articulated vehicles

A

Jackknifing

176
Q

This results when some of the tires on an articulated vehicle lose traction with the road, while the rest don’t

A

Jackknife

177
Q

V shaped portion of the trailer that extends forward from the trailer frame

A

Tongue

178
Q

The amount of weight being carried by the trailers tongue

A

Tongue weight

179
Q

Most experts agree that the vehicles tongue weight should fall between ____ of the gross weight of the trailer

A

9% and 15%

180
Q

The total weight of the trailer, includes equipment, fluids, and weight of trailer itself

A

Gross trailer weight rating

181
Q

The total weight of the tow vehicle and trailer combined with all passengers, fluids, equipment, and fuel

A

Gross combined vehicle weight rating

182
Q

The recommended maximum weight of a vehicle when fully loaded

A

Gross vehicle weight rating

183
Q

Ball shaped piece of steel that the coupler latches to

A

Hitch ball

184
Q

Bar that the hitch bar attaches to. What 2 sizes does it come in

A

Draw bar
1 1/4 in and 2 in

185
Q

The forward most part of the trailer tongue that drops over the hitch ball

A

Coupler

186
Q

What are the 4 different types of hitches

A

Weight carrying
Weight distributing
Fifth wheel
Gooseneck

187
Q

This type of hitch carries all the trailers tongue weight on the ball and receiver

A

Weight carrying

188
Q

This type of hitch distribute the tongue weight across the tow vehicles frame

A

Weight distributing

189
Q

This type of hitch is mounted in the bed of a pickup truck or commercial vehicle

A

Fifth wheel

190
Q

Similar to a fifth wheel but it uses a ball hitch instead of a locking pin

A

Gooseneck hitch

191
Q

What are the hitch ball size and weight ranges for each

A

1 7/8 in - up to 2,000 lbs
2 in - 3,500 to 8,000 lbs
2 5/16 in - 6,000 to 30,000 lbs

192
Q

What are the types of trailer brakes

A

Electromagnetic and surge

193
Q

How do electromagnetic brakes work

A

Brake controller determines how much electricity is supplied to electromagnet

194
Q

What are the 2 types of brake controllers

A

Time delay and proportional

195
Q

In this brake controller, voltage is applied gradually to the trailer brakes using a circuit

A

Time delay

196
Q

In this brake controller, the controller will sense how fast the tow vehicle is decelerating and apply the trailer brakes at same intensity

A

Proportional system

197
Q

In this brake system, the momentum of the decelerating trailer will cause the brake system to activate

A

Surge braking system

198
Q

What should be used at all times during trailer operations

A

Chains, making sure they are crossed

199
Q

What is the reason to cross the trains for trailer operations

A

To create a nest so if the hitch fails, the tongue of trailer will fall into nest instead of seperating

200
Q

Trailer sway is more common in vehicle with

A

Soft suspension and longer distance between rear axle and hitch

201
Q

What are the causes of trailer sway

A

Weight distribution
Wind
Tractor trailers
Roads

202
Q

A force of air createrdby a tractor trailer as it drives down the road

A

Bow wind

203
Q

This means a vehicle may pull to the right or left during heavy acceleration. What type of vehicles experience this

A

Torque steering
Front wheel drive vehicles

204
Q

In this type of vehicle the power is transferred from the drive train to a transfer case

A

Four wheel drive

205
Q

What does the transfer case do

A

Divides the power between the front and rear axles to maximize torque applied to all 4 wheels

206
Q

This is designed to provide more torque for off road use

A

4 wheel low

207
Q

The ability to travel over rough terrain in first gear at idle speed

A

Crawl ratio

208
Q

This is designed for slippery conditions

A

4 wheel high

209
Q

This allows the outside tires to spin quicker than the inside tires so the inside tires don’t get dragged through a turn

A

Differential

210
Q

What are the different types of differentials

A

Open
Locking
Limited Slip

211
Q

In this differential, torque is split equally between the wheels on the axle, regardless of road conditions

A

Open

212
Q

The wheels receive equal torque but have unequal rotational speed

A

Open differential

213
Q

In this differential, the wheels on the axle are locked together and will spin at the same speed regardless of traction

A

Locking

214
Q

In this differential, it allows the tires to rotate at different speeds, preventing wheel slip during turns

A

Limited slip

215
Q

For off road recovery operations, the recovery equipment should have a safety factor of at least

A

2:1

216
Q

When selecting a winch for a vehicle, most manufacturers recommend to

A

Multiply weight of vehicle by 1.5

217
Q

A winch’s maximum pulling capacity is rated with

A

The first layer of rope wound on the drum

218
Q

As a rule of thumb, one inch of strap webbing equals

A

10,000 lbs of load

219
Q

These are used by one vehicle to pull or snatch another vehicle that is stuck of the road

A

Recovery strap

220
Q

These are used to pull on vehicle behind another when the wheels of the other vehicle can move freely

A

Tow strap

221
Q

Can tow straps be used for pulling or snatching another vehicle? Why?

A

No, because lack of elasticity may cause strap to snap when pulling

222
Q

How many wraps should be always be left on the winch spool

A

At least 5

223
Q

What should you before backing a vehicle without any spotters

A

Conduct a walk around

224
Q

The likelihood that an object will come to the attention of a driver is known as

A

Conspicuity

225
Q

The beam of a headlight is biased toward what side of the vehicle and why

A

Right side, to prevent too much glare from affecting oncoming driver

226
Q

An ice covered road can increase stopping distance as much as

A

4 times

227
Q

This occurs when raindrops fall through a thin layer of cold air

A

Freezing rain

228
Q

This forms when raindrops travel through a thick layer of cold air

A

Sleet

229
Q

What are the three types of distracted driving

A

Visual
Manual
Cognitive

230
Q

This distraction causes drivers to take their hands off the wheel

A

Manual

231
Q

This distraction will take the drivers mind off the road

A

Cognitive

232
Q

When driving, most experts recommend a break every

A

2 hours or 100 miles

233
Q

If a hose line must be driven over, when should you attempt to drive over it

A

When it is charged

234
Q

When is the only time a firefighter is allowed to stand on the tail step, side step, or running board when the vehicle is moving

A

Hose loading operations

235
Q

The height of a wheel chock should be

A

1/4 the height of the tire

236
Q

Over time, the repeated compression and expansion of the power spring can result in a loss of parking brake power called

A

Sag loss

237
Q

If there is enough of a jerk, or the air bags deploy, the event data recorder will record

A

Up to 5 seconds of pre impact data

238
Q

Which NFPA standards are the definitive standards for driver training and vehicle operations

A

1002, 1451, 1500

239
Q

This refers to what the department wants the members to do

A

Policy

240
Q

This lays out guidelines for how it should be done

A

Procedure

241
Q

Deep scar or chop in the roadway

A

Gouge

242
Q

A straight skid that suddenly changes direction to the right or left is an example of

A

Offset skid mark

243
Q

How do you convert miles per hour to feet per second

A

Multiply the speed in mph by 1.466

driver test (4 decks)

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