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Pulmonary > Drive - gas exchange > Flashcards

Drive - gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by the term “dead space”?

A

The volume of air in the lungs not contributing to ventilation

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2
Q

Approximately what is the total dead space in the lungs?

A

175mls

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3
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Between the alveoli and capillaries

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4
Q

What are the 7 histological layers that O2 in the alveoli must pass through?

A 
Alveolar epithelium
Tissue interstitium
Capillary endothelium
Plasma layer
Red cell membrane
Red cell cytoplasm
Haemoglobin binding
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5
Q

What is ventilation perfusion matching?

A

The correct proportion of alveolar airflow (ventilation and capillary blood flow (perfusion) available to each alveolus

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6
Q

What is the main effect of ventilation-perfusion inequality?

A

The partial pressure of oxygen is decreased in systemic-arterial blood

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7
Q

What is the possible cause of (extra) dead space/wasted ventilation?

A

A blood clot

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8
Q

What is the possible cause of cause of a shunt?

A

Alveolar collapse

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9
Q

What does a decrease in the partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli and nearby blood result in?

A

Vasoconstriction (why diverts blood away)

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10
Q

What causes vasoconstriction in the lungs?

A

Hypoxic pulmonary constriction

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11
Q

What cause bronchoconstriction?

A

a local decrease in the partial pressure of CO2

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12
Q

What does PaCO2 stand for?

A

Arterial CO2

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13
Q

What does PACO2 stand for?

A

Alveolar CO2

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14
Q

What does PaO2 stand for?

A

Arterial O2

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15
Q

What does PAO2 stand for?

A

Alveolar O2

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16
Q

What does PIO2 stand for?

A

Pressure of inspired O2

17
Q

What does VA stand for?

A

Alveolar ventilation

18
Q

What does VCO2 stand for?

A

CO2 production

19
Q

How many oxygen molecules can a fully saturated haemoglobin molecule contain?

A

4

20
Q

What changes in temperature and pH causes the oxygen-dissociation curve to shift right?

A

Increase temperature

Decrease pH (more acidic)

21
Q

What changes in temperature and pH causes the oxygen-dissociation curve to shift left?

A

Decrease temperature

Increase pH (more alkaline)

22
Q

What effect does CO have on the oxygen-dissociation curve?

A

Shifts left

23
Q

What is the normal pH of the blood?

A

pH = 7.4

24
Q

What does hypoventilation result in (and why)?

A

Respiratory acidosis

as there is inadequate ventilation of the alveoli, so PaCO2 increases resulting in more carbonic acid being produced.

25
Q

What does hyperventilation result in (and why)?

A

Respiratory alkalosis

as there is excessive ventilation of the alveoli, so PaCO2 decreases resulting in less carbonic acid being produced.

26
Q

What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation?

A

6.1 + log10( [HCO3-] / [0.03*PCO2] ) = pH

27
Q

What are HCO3- level regulated by?

A

The kidneys

Pulmonary (14 decks)

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