Dressler Module 2 Prenantal Flashcards
How many chromosomes do somatic cells haveDiploid
46
Gametes are created with how many chromosomes
23
____ Creates gametes (sperm and egg) and ensures variability in offspring
Meiosis
Gametogenesis
Process in which cells divide by meiosis to form gametes
Oogenesis
Results in one oocyte (ovum/egg)
Spermatogenesis
Occurs in testes results and sperm
Where does fertilization occur
In the outer third portion of the fallopian tubes
When does sex determination
At fertilization
Haploid number
23 chromosomes
Diploid number
46 chromosomes
Sperm and oocyte have how many chromosomes
23
Zygotes has how many chromosomes
46
Once an ovum is fertilized it is a
Zygote
After the ninth week a ____ becomes a ____ went tissues begin to form
Embryo Fetus
Gestation
Pregnancy
What are the stages of fetal development
Pre embryonic Embryonic Fetal
Describe what happens in each stage of fetal development Include the length of time that each stage last
The pre-embryonic (zygote) stage Occurs at two weeks when fertilization cell reproduction and implantation occursThe embryonic stage is from 2 to 8 weeks in which the embryo is nourished and develops The fetal stage is from the ninth week to birth and it is for growth and development of the fetus and usually last between 30 and 40 weeks
Morula
.
Blastocyst includes ____ cells
32
The ___ implants onto the uterus. The part of the ___ that does that is the ___
Blastocyst Blastocyst Trophoblast
The ____ develops within 35 days and becomes the embryo
Trophoblast
_____ Secretes HCG
Blastocyst
HCG signals ____ to stick around
The corpus luteum
The endometrium stays in place because of
Increased progesterone
Eventually there endometrium becomes the
DeciduaAnd The dicidua is what stays intact during pregnancy
Gestation usually occurs for how long
280 days or 10 lunar months
Anything under ____ weeks is pre term anything over ___ weeks this postterm Between ___ and ____ weeks is normal
38 40 38 and 40
Chorion
Putter most later of the developing cells
The ___ is the inner layer of the cell that eventually becomes the ____
Amnion Amnionic sac
What is the purpose of amnionic fluid
Maintain temperatureSymmetrical GrowthMovement shock absorberPrevent skin from sticking to amnion
What are germ layers
Give rise to specific tissues and organs
Yolk sac
Forms RBCs for the first 6 weeks
What is the name of the temporary organ the facilities transfer of food from mom to fetus
Placenta
The placenta produces what
Fatty acids glycogen and cholesterol
The placenta is where ____ takes place
Metabolism
Describe the drug pregnancy categories
A- Do not cross placentaB- Crosses without severe defectsC- Crosses placenta membraneX - Cannot be given
Name to placental hormones and describe their function
.
What does the placental hormone progesterone do
Maintain Uterine liningReduces uterine contractions Prepares alveolar glands
What does the placental hormone estrogen do
Stimulates uterine growth increases blood flow to uterusstimulates lactiferous development
What does the placental hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin do
Signals corpus luteum regulates steroid production in fetus
What does the placental hormone human placental lactogen do
Helps increase glucose production helps with breast development increases resistance to insulin
Human placental Lactogen is produced only during
The first trimester
the human placenta lactogen hormone helps to secrete extra glucose and helps bring that insulin so that the fetus can use the extra glucose at about 12 weeks the fetus can take over and produce its own glucose if it doesn’t settle down and mom doesn’t stop producing the extra glucose she may develop what
Gestational diabetes
What is the connecting link between the mother and fetus
The umbilical cord
The umbilical cord is surrounded by what
Wharton’s jelly
What is inside of the umbilical cord
Two arteries in one vein
What do the The two arteries inside of the Umbilical cord do
Carries waste to mother
What does the one vein in the umbilical cord do
Carries nutrients and oxygen To fetus
When can you see a fetal heart beat on a sonogram
5 weeks
At how many weeks can you hear a fetal heart beat using a Doppler
12 weeks
When can you hear a fetal heart beat with a fetoscope
20 weeks
Fetal development Weeks
Spinal cord and sensation- 4 weeks Central nervous system- 6 weeks Gender recognition - 12 weeks Fetal movement- 18-20 weeks Leugo and vemly- 20 weeks Age of viability 24 weeks Lung maturity 36 weeks
Teratogens
Anything that can be harmful to a developing fetus
Describe how often a pregnant women visits the doctor
Conception to 28 weeks - every 4 weeks 29-36 weeks- every 2 weeks 37-delivery - every weeks
Between what weeks can an amniocentesis be performed
14-20
What are some presumptive signs a woman is pregnant
Amenorrhea Breast change Urinary frequencyAbdominal shapeLinear NegraColosma Quickening
What is linea nigra
Dark line on the center of the abdomen due to hormonal changes
Chloasma
Pregnancy mask Darkening of face
What are some probable signs that a woman might be pregnant(Done by a physician)
Uterine enlargementSoftening of the uterusSoftening of the cervix Upper wall of the vagina is bluishFeeling for a amniotic fluidPregnancy test
Hegars sign
Softening of the uterus
Goodall signs
Softening of the cervix
Chadwicks sign
Upper wall of the vagina is blue
Belotment
Feeling for amniotic fluid
What is the only positive sign that a woman is pregnant
Fetal heartbeat
Positive signs
.
Describe physical reproductive system changes in a pregnant woman
Uterus- Increased blood supply and size the wall stretch and thinCervix- becomes shorter and softer forms a mucous plugOvaries -Continues to secrete estrogen and ovulation ceases Fallopian tube- no change Vagina- Increase blood supply, thicker increased secretions Breast- Alveolar glands develop and areola darken
Systemic changes in a pregnant woman during pregnancy
Respiratory- diaphragm moves up and respirations increase Cardiovascular- heart up and to the left. Increase blood volume and cardiovascular output Decreases Hct GI-n v pityalism Softer gums Hemorrhoids Urinary -GlycosuriaProteinuria Frequency Integumentary -Linea nigra Striae gravidarum Chloasma SkeletalLordosis
What is Nageles rule
To find the estimated date of delivery Identify the first day of the last menstrual period Coins back 3 months and add 7 days
Gravida
Number of pregnancies
Nulligravida
No pregnancy
Primigravida
1st pregnancy
Multigravida
More than one pregnancy
Para
Number of pregnancies that have gone past 24 weeks (age of viability) whether infant was dead or alive
GTPAL
G # of pregnancies T # complete term preg (38-40)P # completed pre term preg (24-37)A # abortions (prior to 24)L # living children
Normal fetal heart beat
120-160
Average woman should gain between how many pounds when pregnant
25-35
What fetal heart rate should be reported
Below 110 Above 160
When is RH factor a potential problem
When mom is negative and baby is positive
What is a torch screening
Infections That could impact pregnancy were delivery
What does a triple screening test for
Neural tube defectsSpina bifidaTrisomy 21 Mental retardation
If _____ is elevated it means a possible problem For example Down syndrome
Alpha fetal protein
______ Dramatically decreases the risk of neural tube defects
Frolic acid
Toxoplasmosis
Parasite in raw uncooked meat or cat feces
And underweight mom should gain about how many pounds during her pregnancy
28-40
An overweight mom should gain about how many pounds during her pregnancy
15-25
A normal mom should gain about how many pounds.
25-35
Most of the weight gain in the first trimester is due to what
Maternal tissue
Most of the weight gain in the second trimester due to what
Maternal and fetal tissue
X Most of the weight gain in the third trimester is due to what
Fetal tissue
Polyhydramnious
Too much antibiotic fluid
Teenage moms need ____calories than regular moms
More
Fluid intake helps with the production of
Milk
Foods to avoid during pregnancy
Tuna shark swordfish tilefish deli meats raw fish soft scrambled eggs caffeine
A young mom is considered anyone who is
19 and under
An advanced age mom is anyone who is considered
42 and older
Advanced age mom is at risk for
A child being born with down syndrome etc.
Braxton hicks
False labor
Supine hypotension
Decreased blood pressure when laying down to do the fetus encluding certain parts
A pregnant woman experiences supine hypotension what should she do
Lay on her left side
During pregnancy a woman’s pulse might go up
5-10 BPM
A fetal heart rate should be approximately ____ times that of the moms
2 times
___ Helps to regulate blood blood sugar during pregnancy
The fetus
And a pregnant mom who is diabetic she’s at risk for ____ in the second trimester
DKA
A diabetic mom usually gives birth to a
Macrosoma (large body)
What is important nursing care for a diabetic mother
Insulin drip during labor in crease calories while breast-feedingObserver signs of hypo or hyperglycemia
Signs and symptoms of CHF
Increased heart rate increase respirations rales dyspnea edemaCP
F A S
Fetal alcohol syndrome Results in retardation
Smoking during pregnancy results in
Low birth weight
A normal baby weighs between
7-8 pounds
