drainage Flashcards
The lymphatic drainage of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue shows only minimal communication of lymphatics across the midline, so metastasis to the ipsilateral nodes is usual.
The lymphatic drainage of the posterior third of the tongue have communicating networks, as a result early bilateral nodal metastases are more common in this area.
Lymphatics from the tip of the tongue usually pass to the
submental nodes
Lymphatics from the mid portion of the tongue usually drain to the
submandibular nodes
fundus of her uterus
para aortic
giant cells formed from
macrophages
rectum below the pectinate line
the superficial inguinal nodes also drain the scrotum/vulva and lower limbs.
ileum and proximal portion of the ascending colon.
Ileocolic nodes
hindgut structures (transverse colon down to the rectum
Inferior mesenteric nodes
Below the pectinate line cancer spreads to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes. Above the line it spreads to the internal iliac lymph nodes. The internal iliac and the sacral nodes also receive drainage from areas such as the cervix, prostate, rectum and perineum. Pararectal lymph nodes drain the upper part of the rectum and parts of the colon. The testes and ovaries drain to the lumbar lymph nodes
what is Lynch syndrome
Lynch syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. It is characterised by microsatellite instability in the DNA mismatch repair genes. Colonic tumours in patients with Lynch syndrome are more likely to be right sided tumours and to be poorly differentiated.
endometrial cancer
how is Lynch syndrome identified fro high risk patients
Amsterdam criteria
blockage bile duct causing jaundice what blood test predictive of bleeding
Jaundice will impair the production of vitamin K dependent clotting factors. This is most accurately tested by measuring the prothrombin time. APTT can be affected by vitamin K deficiency (due to factor 9 deficiency), however this occurs to a lesser extent and is normally associated with severe liver disease. The bleeding time is a measure of platelet function.
PT
primary lympahtic rogans
make them
bone marrow and thymus
Primary lymphatic organs are the thymus and red bone marrow (found in flat bones and adult long bone epiphyses), the sites of lymphocyte formation and maturation. They contain pluripotent cells which give rise to mature immunocompetent B cells and pre-T cells (to become mature T cells they must migrate to the thymus).
Secondary lymphatic organs include lymph nodes, the spleen, tonsils (adenoids), mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and Peyer’s patches. This is where the lymphocytes are filtered and can be activated to mount an immune response.
what are granulomas
Granulomas are organised collections of macrophages
Anal canal below pectinate line Perineum Skin of the thigh Penis Scrotum Vagina
sup inguinal
sup inguinal
Anal canal below pectinate line Perineum Skin of the thigh Penis Scrotum Vagina
Glans penis
deep inguinal
