cytokines

Question 1

Il-6 is mainly secreted by

Answer 1

macrophages

IL-6 levels have been shown to be elevated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and can be used as a marker of disease severity. In rheumatoid arthritis, macrophages release IL-6 which contributes to its pathogenesis.

Question 2

Il-1 is involved in acute inflammation and induces fever what cell is its main source

Answer 2

macrophages

Question 3

Il2 is secrete from TH1 cells to stimulate growth and differentiation of the T cell response what cytokines are released from Th2 cells to stimulate profliferaiona and differentiation of B cells and stimulate proliferation of eosinophils respectively

Answer 3

Il4 abd IL5

Question 4

as we know iL6 released by macrophages and also Th2 cells stimautle diff of B cells nd induces fever but what cytokine released from macrophages causes neutrophil chemotaxis

Answer 4

IL8

Question 5

IL-12 activates NK cells and stimulates diff of naive T to Th1 cells released by what

Answer 5

dendritic cel

macrohages and B cells

Question 6

Il 10 is related from Th2 cells to do what

Answer 6

inhibit Th1 ytokien production - anti-inflammatory cytokine

Question 7

Il-3 is release by activated T helper cells what does it do

Answer 7

Stimulates differentiation and proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells

Question 8

TNF-alpha is related by macrophages to do what

Answer 8

induce fever and neutrophil chemotaxis

Question 9

IFN-Y released by what and does what

Answer 9

released by TH1 cells and activates macrophages

Question 10

what antibodies fix complement

Answer 10

IgG and IgM

Question 11

what cells mediate hyperacute( minutes to hours) organ rejection

Answer 11

B cells

T cells are adjust acute

Question 12

what cells are involved in chronic transplant rejection

Answer 12

fibroblasts

Question 13

what are interferons

Answer 13

Interferons (IFN) are cytokines released by the body in response to viral infections and neoplasia.

They are classified according to cellular origin and the type of receptor they bind to.

IFN-alpha and IFN-beta bind to type 1 receptors whilst IFN-gamma binds only to type 2 receptors.

Question 14

do IFN-alpha and beta bind to the same receptors

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

IFN alpha is produced by what

Answer 15

leucocytes

antiviral action
useful in hepatitis B & C, Kaposi’s sarcoma, metastatic renal cell cancer, hairy cell leukaemia
adverse effects include flu-like symptoms and depression

Question 16

IFN b is produced by what

Answer 16

fibroblasts

produced by fibroblasts
antiviral action
reduces the frequency of exacerbations in patients with relapsing-remitting MS

Question 17

IFN-b is useful in what condition to prevent relapses

Answer 17

MS

Question 18

IFN-a is useful in what

Answer 18

hep B and C

Question 19

INF-gamma is produced by what and useful in what disease

Answer 19

predominately natural killer cells. Also by T helper cells
weaker antiviral action, more of a role in immunomodulation particularly macrophage activation
may be useful in chronic granulomatous disease and osteopetrosis

Question 20

what is the cell surface marker for macrophages

Answer 20

CD14

Question 21

cell surface marker for Epstein Barr virus

Answer 21

CD21

Question 22

unique marker for NK cells

Answer 22

CD56

Question 23

HLA antigens are encoded for by genes on chromosome 6. HLA A, B and C are class I antigens whilst DP, DQ, DR are class II antigens. Questions are often based around which diseases have strong HLA associations

HLA-A3

Answer 23

haemochromastois - iron levels slowly build up over time resulting in loss of sex drive and darkening of the skin

treated with phlebotomy

Question 24

HLA-DQ2/DQ8

Answer 24

coeliac disease

Question 25

HLA-DR2

Answer 25

goodpastures

Question 26

HLA-DR4

Answer 26

type 1 diabetes mellitus and RA ( DRB1 0401 and 0404)

Question 27

The Fab region of an immunoglobulin is the outermost part, containing a constant and a variable domain of a heavy and a light chain. The variable region determines antigen specificity, and is responsible for antigen binding.

graves

Answer 27

The Fc region interacts with the cell surface receptors. It is consistent across each class of immunoglobulins, and determines the class effect.

Gillian barre

Question 28

epitope

Answer 28

The epitope is the region of the antigen which binds the antibody; specifically, the Fab region.

Question 29

which of the following cytokines matches the description in the text - what activates macrophages

Answer 29

IFN-gamma