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Ocular Anatomy 1 > Dr. Scott ugh > Flashcards

Dr. Scott ugh Flashcards

1
Q

are arteries high or low pressure compared to veins?

A

high pressure

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2
Q

what is the outermost tunic of blood vessels? compare arteries and veins

A

Tunica adventitia

  • collagen and connective tissue
  • thicker in veins
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3
Q

what is the tunica media composed of? do arteries or veins have a thicker layer?

A

smooth muscle

-Arteries have a thicker tunica media

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4
Q

what is tunicac intima composed of? what is the outermost portion of it called?

A
  • endothelial cells in direct contact with the lumen

- internal elastic lamina

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5
Q

what is the external elastic lamina?

A

the innermost portion of the tunica adventita

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6
Q

what do arteries drain into?

A

arterioles

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7
Q

arterioles are a primary site of what?

A

vascular resistance

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8
Q

what do arterioles drain to?

A

capillaries

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9
Q

what are capillaries composed of?

A

-endothelial cells and their basement membrane

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10
Q

wha are pericytes?

A
  • they line the external surface of capillaries and help them dilate and constrict
  • factor in diabetic retinopathy (proteins leak into retina)
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11
Q

what do capillaries do?

A

exchange nutrients and metabolic waste from arterioles and venules

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12
Q

branch retinal vein occlusion is due to what?

A

thicker tunica adventita on arteries and atherosclerosis

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13
Q

the right common carotid artery branches off of what? left common carotid?

A

Right common carotid: brachiocephalic

Left Common carotid: directly off the aorta

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14
Q

where does the common carotid bifurcate?

A

in the carotid sheath

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15
Q

the internal carotid artery enters the skull through what?

A

carotid canal

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16
Q

go draw the freaking cavernous sinus

A

do it

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17
Q

at the posterior opening of the optic canal, the internal carotid artery gives off wht branch?

A

the ophthalmic artery

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18
Q

what kind of nerve fibers are in the carotid sheath?

A

vagas nerve

-postganglionic sympathetic fibers

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19
Q

what would cause carotid cavernous fistula?

A

-venous drainage from the eye cannot get back to the cavernous sinus because there is too much pressure in the sinus.

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20
Q

if the ophthalmic artery doesnt come off of the ICA, what does it branch off of?

A

middle meningeal artery

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21
Q

the ophthalmic artery runs ________ to the optic nerve, then makes an abrupt turn________

A

runs lateral to the optic nerve then makes an abrupt turn over the optic nerve

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22
Q

what is the first and smallest branch off of the ophthalmic artery?

A

the central retinal artery

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23
Q

the ophthalmic artery has 3 regions and how many branches? name the regions and number of branches

A

Ocular: 2 branches
Orbital: 2 branches
Extraorbital: 7 branches

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24
Q

what are the branches in the ocular region of the ophthalmic artery?

A

central retinal arteryand ciliary arteries

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25
Q

the Central retinal artery pierces ___________ about 5-15mm from the posterior scleral aperature

A

pierces the dural sheath of the optic nerve about 5-15mm from the posterior scleral aperature

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26
Q

what is the lamina cribrosa?

A

thin piece of sclera made of collagen that act as support for the central retinal artery and vein

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27
Q

the central retinal artery gives off small ____ branches that supply__________

A

small pial branches that supply the pia mater tha surround the optic nerve

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28
Q

the central retinal artery gives off two branches which in turn bifurcate again. name them

A

divides into superior and inferior branches that then divide into temporal and nasal branches and those supply respective quadrants of the inner retinal layers

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29
Q

what is the major blood supply to the retina?

A

the central retinal arteryyyyyyyy

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30
Q

how many branches of long posterior ciliary arteries are there?

A

2! medial and lateral

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31
Q

what happens to central retinal artery and veins in glaucoma?

A

nasalization

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32
Q

the long ciliary arteries travel through what space?

A

suprachoroid space

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33
Q

what do the long ciliary arteries supply?

A

uvea anterior to equator

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34
Q

what is the uvea?

A
  • iris
  • ciliary body
  • choroid
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35
Q

how many branches are there of the short ciliary arteries?

A

10-20

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36
Q

the branches of the short ciliary arteries form what?

A

an arterial loop around the optic nerve called the cirlce of Zinn Haller

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37
Q

what do the short ciliary arteries supply?

A

uvea posterior to the equator

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38
Q

the short ciliary arteries pierce___________ to enter suprachoroidal space

A

pierce posterior scleral aperatures

-provide postential site for metastisis

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39
Q

what are the orbital branches of the ophthalmic artery?

A
  • lacrimal artery

- muscular arteries (branch into anterior ciliary arteries)

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40
Q

what does the lacrimal artery supply?

A

the lacrimal gland

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41
Q

what does the lacrimal artery branch into?

A
  • muscular branches for lateral rectus
  • palpebral arteries
  • zygomatic artery
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42
Q

the lacriamal artery anastomoses with braches of what artery?

A

superficial termporal artery

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43
Q

the medial trunk of muscular arteries supply what?

A
  • inferior rectus
  • inferior oblique
  • medial rectus
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44
Q

the lateral trunk of muscular arteries supply what?

A
  • superior rectus
  • superior oblique
  • levator palpebrae superioris
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45
Q

the muscular arteries that supply the rectus branch into what?

A

anterior ciliary arteries

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46
Q

which EOM does not have 2 anterior ciliary arteries? (it has 1)

A

-the lateral rectus!

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47
Q

so how many anterior ciliary arteries are there total?

A

7

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48
Q

anterior ciliary arteries can do what two things?

A
  • join long ciliary arteries to form the arterial circle of the iris
  • stay superficial and give rise to anterior conjunctival arteries
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49
Q

between supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries, which one is more medial?

A

supratrochlear is more medial and supraorbital is more lateral

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50
Q

the supraorbital artery travels with what nerve?

A

frontal nerve

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51
Q

the supraorbital and supratrochelear arteries anastomose to form what?

A

the superficial temporal artery

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52
Q

what does the supraorbital artery supply?

A

-levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, superior oblique, scalp, upper eyelid

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53
Q

which ethmoid artery is larger?

A

the anterior ethmoidal artery is the largest

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54
Q

what does the posterior ethmoidal artery supply?

A

posterior ethmoidal and sphenoid air sinuses

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55
Q

the posterior ethmoidal artery runs between what two muscles?

A

-medial rectus and superior oblique

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56
Q

what does the anterior ethomidal artery supply??

A

medial and anterior ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses

  • nasal cavity
  • skin of the nose
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57
Q

what does the anterior ethmoidal artery pass through to supply the nasal cavity?

A

cribriform plate

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58
Q

what does the recurrent meningeal artery supply?

A

meninges in middle cranial fossa

-has to travel posterior through superior orbital fissure

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59
Q

the medial palpebral arteries are divided into superior and inferior based on their location to what?

A

medial palpebral ligament

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60
Q

the medial palpebral arteries anastomose with what to supply what?

A
  • lateral palpebral arteries

- supply a portion of the eye lid

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61
Q

what are the terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery?

A
  • supratrochlear

- dorsonasal

62
Q

what do the supratrochlear artery and dorsonasal artery do to the orbital septum?

A

-it perforates it just above the trochlea

63
Q

what does the supratrochlear artery supply?

A

skin to the medial forehead and scalp

64
Q

the dorsonasal artery courses along_________ to supply ________

A

along the side of the nose to supply the lacrimal sac

65
Q

what “part” of the ophthalmic artery lies outside of the muscle cone?

A

the nasofrontal artery

66
Q

the nasofrontal artery gives rise to what two arteries?

A

supratrochlear and doronasal arteries

67
Q

what are the branches of the external carotid artery that are involved in supplying the orbit?

A
  • facial
  • infraorbital
  • superficial temporal
68
Q

the facial artery loops around what?

A

the margin of the mandible

69
Q

the facial artery changes its name to ________ at the ala of the nose

A

angular artery

70
Q

what does the facial artery anastomose with at the medial canthus?

A

-infraorbital and dorsonasal arteries

71
Q

what does the facial artery supply (in regards to the orbit)

A

lacrimal sac

72
Q

the infraorbital artery is a branch of __________ that comes off of the external carotid?

A

maxillary artery

73
Q

what fossa does the maxillary artery go through before it branches?

A

pterygopalatine fossa (enters through pterygomaxillary fissure)

74
Q

the maxillary artery enters the orbit through ___________ and emerges as the infraorbital artery

A

inferior orbital fissure

75
Q

what does the infraorbital artery supply?

A
  • inferior rectus
  • inferior oblique
  • lower lid and cheek
76
Q

what is the terminal branch of the external carotid?

A

superficial temporal artery

77
Q

the superficial temporal artery gives off a branch, __________, that anastomoses with supraorbital and supratrochlear

A

anterior temporal artery

78
Q

what does the superficial temporal artery supply?

A

lateral region around the orbit

79
Q

the superficial temporal artery travels_______ towards ________

A

travels upward to the temporal fossa

80
Q

why is it important that orbital veins do not have valves?

A
  • you cannot stop infection if it gets in

- direction of blood flow is related to posture

81
Q

in fundus photos, are veins or arteries darker?

A

arteries are lighter and veins are darker

82
Q

the central retinal vein exits the eye through what?

A

the optic disc via lamina cribrosa

83
Q

where does the central retinal vein drain to?

A

superior ophthalmic vein OR cavernous sinus

84
Q

what do the vortex veins drain?

A

the choroid and ciliary body (uveal tunic)

85
Q

how many vortex veins must you have (at least)

A
  • 4-7

- at least one per quadrant

86
Q

where do the vortex veins drain to?

A
  • the ones in upper quadrants drain to the superior ophthalmic veins
  • the ones in lower quadrants drain to the inferior ophthalmic veins
87
Q

what do the anterior ciliary veins drain?

A

bulbar conjunctiva

88
Q

what do the anterior ciliary veins drain into?

A
  • muscular veins

- which in turn drains into the superior ophthalmic vein

89
Q

when there is built up pressure in the cavernous sinus, what veins are dilated?

A

anterior ciliary veins

90
Q

what does the infraorbital vein drain?

A

-lower lid and lower cheek

91
Q

where does the infraorbital vein drain to?

A

pterygoid venous plexus

92
Q

what is the largest vein in the orbit?

A

superior ophthalmic vein

93
Q

the superior ophthalmic vein in formed by the joining of what?

A

supraorbital and angular vein

94
Q

As the superior ophthalmic vein runs backwards, it picks up tributaries including what?

A
  • central retinal veins

- upper two vortex veins

95
Q

what does the superior ophthalmic vein drain to?

A

the cavernous sinus in the middle cranial fossa

96
Q

what are the 5 things that are “left out” of the annulus of Zinn.

A
  • lacrimal nerve
  • frontal nerve
  • trochlear nerve

-superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

97
Q

what are the 5 things included in the annulus of zinn?

A

Superior division of oculomotor nerve

  • nasociliary nerve
  • inferior division of oculomotor nerve
  • abducens nerve
  • optic nerve
98
Q

the inferior ophthalmic vein is formed from tributaries where?

A

from the floor of the orbit

99
Q

what does the inferior ophthalmic vein drain?

A
  • inferior rectus
  • inferior oblique
  • lateral rectus
  • lower conjunctiva
  • lacrimal sac
  • lower vortex veins
100
Q

what does the angular vein drain to?

A

facial vein

101
Q

where does the facial vein pick up tributaries from?

A

veins of the face and the infraorbital vein

102
Q

what kind of pressure system is the cavernous sinus?

A

a low pressure system!!!

103
Q

where does the caverous sinus drain to?

A

internal jugular vein via jugular foramen

104
Q

the cavernous sinus is a dural venous sinus situated on both sides of what?

A

the body of the sphenoid bone

105
Q

the cavernous sinus runs from what to what?

A

from superior orbital fissure to petrous portion of temporal bone

106
Q

does inside the orbit have any lymph drainage?

A

not inside

107
Q

what part of the orbit has any kind of lymph drainage?

A

the lacrimal gland

108
Q

the lateral part of the lacrimal gland drains where?

A

preauricular lymph nodes

109
Q

the medial part of the lacrimal gland drains where?

A

submandibular nodes

110
Q

what is the purpose of eyebrows?

A

to deflect sweat

111
Q

what artery supplies the medial part of the eyebrow? vein?

A

supratrochlear artery

same

112
Q

what artery supplies the lateral part of the eyebrow? vein?

A 
supraorbital artery (contributions from lacrimal artery)
same
113
Q

what is the artery that supplies the lateral part of palpebrum?

A

lacrimal

114
Q

what is the artery that supplies the medial part of palpebrum?

A

ophthalmic artery

115
Q

in regards to palpebrum, the ophthalmic and lacrimal arteries branch into what arteries? those in turn branch into what arteries?

A

Ophthalmic: superior and inferior medial palpebral artery
Lacrimal: superior and inferior lateral palpebral artery

-EACH of those then branch into peripheral and marginal palpebral arteries

116
Q

the marginal and peripheral palpebral arteries anastomose to form what in each palpebral?

A

the peripheral and marginal palpebral cascades

117
Q

the peripheral and marginal cascades course between what?

A

orbicularis oculi and tarsal plate

118
Q

what connects the peripheral and marginal arcades on either side of the tarsal plate?

A

vertical collateral branches

119
Q

what gives the palpebral conjunctiva its pinkish hue?

A

the posterior collateral branches that supply it

120
Q

what vein drains the lateral part of the palpebrum?

A

superficial temporal vein

121
Q

what drains the medial part of the palpebrum?

A
  • angular vein

- superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

122
Q

lymph from the lateral 2/3 of palpebrum drains where? medial 1/3?

A

Lateral: preauricular
Medical: submandibular

123
Q

what would conjunctival pallor (white palpebral conjunctiva) indicate?

A

anemia

124
Q

why is that area called the danger triangle of the facec?

A

there are no valves to stop infection from flowing once it gets in.

125
Q

what artery supplies the forniceal conjunctiva?

A

branches fro peripheral palpebral arcade

126
Q

what vein drains the forniceal conjunctiva?

A

small tributaries that drain into anterior ciliary veins

127
Q

posterior conjunctival arteries arise from what?

A

peripheral palpebral arcade

128
Q

where does the posterior conjunctival arteries extend up to?

A

up to 4mm from the corneal limbus

129
Q

what does the posterior conjunctival artery supply?

A

bulbar and fornix

130
Q

what is situated between the posterior conjunctival arteries and the corneal limbus?

A

anterior conjunctival arteries

131
Q

the anterior conjunctival arteries form what?

A
  • superficial pericorneal plexus(conjunctiva)

- deep pericoreal plexus(episclera)

132
Q

what do the anterior conjunctival arteries arise from?

A

anterior ciliary muslces

133
Q

what is ciliary flush

A
  • seen in keratitis

- anterior conjunctival arteries from superficial ring in conjunctiva and deep

134
Q

what are the avascular structures of the eye?

A
  • cornea
  • sclera
  • crystalline lens
  • trabecular meshwork
  • vitreous humor
135
Q

why is there not any blood in the cornea?

A

you would not want it to get in the way of sight

136
Q

what is the cornea dependent on?

A
  • aqueous humor
  • tear film
  • pericorneal plexus
137
Q

is all of the sclera avascular?

A

nah. some structures above and below it are vascular

138
Q

how could you tell the difference between episcleritis and scleritis?

A

episcleritis would not move when you pull on the conjunctiva

139
Q

what arteries supply the choroid?

A

short posterior ciliary arteries

-anastomose with recurrent branches from long ciliary arteries

140
Q

what holds 85% of total ocular blood volume?

A

the choroid

141
Q

what drains all of the parts of the uvea?

A

vortex veins

142
Q

what artery supplies the ciliary body (intermediate uvea)

A

long ciliary arteries

143
Q

what makes up the minor arterial circle of the iris?

A

radial vessels from long ciliary arteries

144
Q

what causes rubeosis iridis?

A

-lack of oxygen, so new blood vessels form without collagen around them

145
Q

what artery supplies the optic nerve?

A
  • pial plexus from ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery
  • ring of zenn hallar(?) has some contribution
146
Q

what drains the optic nerve?

A

venous pial plexus

-drains into central retinal vein

147
Q

the retina has what kind of vascular supply?

A

dual vascular supply

148
Q

the inner retinal layers are supplied by what artery?

A

central retinal artery

149
Q

the outer layers of the retina are supplied by what artery?

A

choroidal vasculature

150
Q

what is the ONLY communication between the retinal arterial system and the choroidal system?

A

the cilioretinal artery

Ocular Anatomy 1 (5 decks)

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